B3 Flashcards
(34 cards)
Name three ways pathogens can spread
Undercooked food/ poor hygiene
Sneeze/cough droplets
Direct contact
How to prevent diseases
Droplet pathogens- Use tissues
Contaminated food- disinfect surfaces , cook food throughly
Direct contact- isolation, avoid contact
What are pathogens
Microorganisms that cause disease
Name three viruses
Measles virus
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus
What disease does this virus pathogen cause, how is it spread and how does i treat it :
Measles virus
Measles
Droplet- fever/rash/ blindness
Isolation + vaccination
What disease does this virus pathogen cause, how is it spread and how does i treat it :
HIV
Aids
Sharing needles/ unprotected sex-weak immune system
Condoms, sterilise needles
What disease does this virus pathogen cause, how is it spread and how does i treat it :
Tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic
Contact- inability to photosynthesise
Prevention/ good field hygiene , pest control
Name three bacterial fungal viral and protist diseases
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
Agrobacterium
What disease does this bacterial pathogen cause, symptoms and how to treat/ avoid it :
Salmonella
Food poisoning
Cramps ,vomiting ,diaherria , fever
Prevention- cook food throughly, good hygiene, vaccinated poultry only
What disease does this bacterial pathogen cause, symptoms and how to treat/ avoid it :
Gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea- STD
green yellow discharge, pain urinating or no symptoms
Condoms , antibiotics , limit sexual partners
What disease does this bacterial pathogen cause, symptoms and how to treat/ avoid it :
Agrobacterium
Crown falls
Pathogens uses plasmids to add their own DNA into a plant cell - infects plants through wounds
Prevention- remove infected tissue/chemical treatments
Name two fungi/protist pathogens
Fungi
Plasmodium
What disease does this fungal pathogen cause, symptoms and how to treat/ avoid it :
Fungi
Black rose spit
Movement of fungal spores by wind and water
Prevention- removing + burning infected leaves, fungicide spray
What disease does this fungal pathogen cause, symptoms and how to treat/ avoid it :
Plasmodium
Malaria
Recurrent fever
Bite of female anopheles mosquito
Prevention/ treatment- anti malarial drugs, prevent mosquito bites
How do white blood cells recognise pathogens
They look so special proteins on a cells surface called antigens
If a cell has an antigen that doesn’t match the antigens of the rest of the body it is attacked
What three ways does your white blood cells defend u against pathogens
Recognises pathogens using antigens
Engulfing- the pathogen is a does into the cytoplasm where powerful enzymes break it down
Antibodies- some pathogens produce antibodies that fit onto the particular antigen of a pathogen- this clumps them together for engulfing or damages them
Antitoxins- some white blood cells produce antitoxins to rid of any toxins the bacteria may of released in your body
How does someone grow immunity to a disease
The white blood cells produce antibodies, the antibodies remembers the exact shape and size the antibodies need to be to hook to the antigens destroy that pathogen.Meaning antibodies can be produced faster in larger quantities
What are antigens
Unique proteins on the surface of cells, like an ID
What can cause people not to get vaccinated
Scare stories
There was a rumour the vaccine for hooping cough causes autism, many parents did not vaccinate their children as a result and cases skyrocketed
What is herd immunity
When most of a population is vaccinated against a disease so it can not spread
How does a vaccine allow you to generate immunity
⭐️Injected with dead or weakened pathogen
⭐️WBC makes correct antibody that fits
⭐️WBC remembers how to make that specific antibody
⭐️faster response if you are infected with real disease, antibodies produced in larger quantity
⭐️So fast that pathogens don’t have anough time to multiply or make toxins
What is the difference between pre clinical trial and clinical trial
Pre clinical trial is before human volunteers are used
Clinical trial is when a human volunteer is used
Three stages of pre clinical trial
Computer models- look at chemical components of plants that potentially have a chemical to cure
Cells tissues and organs- drug is tested in tissues and organs
Animal- safety and effectiveness tested on animals
Four stages of clinical trial
Healthy volunteers are used to find the safety of the drug and the maximum dose
Infected volunteers- a small group of people is split into two groups, one receives placebos and the other receives the real drug
The drug is tested on a large group of people then if approved it is licensed
