Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Paper 1 🌱🧬 > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Once the substrate fits into the enzyme what does it create?
What happens when this is created ?

A

Enzyme substrate complex
The substrate undergoes a change and turns into a product, once the product is formed it loses its shape and no longer fits into the active site, it is then released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when the temperature/ PH breaches optimum in a reaction

A

The active site denatures. This means the bonds of the proteins in the enzymes breaks and it unravels, causing the active site to lose shape and no longer become useful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where can you expect to find enzymes who love acidic conditions and Where can you expect to find enzymes who love alkaline conditions?

A

Stomach- acidic
Intestine- alkaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Read the required practical on PH amylase activity or watch a video or recall

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the dependant variable

A

What you observe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the independant variable

A

What you adjust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the control variable

A

What you keep the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you test for sugars and the results

A

Benedict’s solution- turn yellow

Sugar is sweet like honey and honey is yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you test for starch and the results?

A

Iodine-blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you test for proteins and the result

A

Biuret- pink or purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to test for lipids and the result

A

Biuret- pink or purple
Beautiful colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Salivary glands
What enzyme does it produce?
What does it break down and into what?

A

Produces a carbohydrase called amylase
It breaks carbohydrates into sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stomach

What enzyme does it produce?
What does it break down and into what?

A

A protease called pepsin
Breaks protein into amino acids
Hydrochloric acids creates optimum PH for pepsin to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Small intestine

What enzyme does it produce?
What does it break down and into what?

A

Lipase
Breaks lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is bile created
Where is it stored
What does it do

A

Liver
Gallbladder- leaves via bile duct
Breaks down fatty acids/lipids into soluble molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Create all three types of enzymes,
Carbohydrase
Protease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is amylase, pepsin and lipase produced

A

Amylase- salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Pepsin- stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Lipase- small intestine and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

A type of heart disease caused by fatty deposits narrowing the coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give two solutions to coronary heart disease

A

Stents- this wire mesh is inflating in the artery using a balloon, they then hold in place which widens the artery allowing more nutrient rich blood through the

Bypass- for severe cases a bypass is needed to redirect blood arrière the blocked artery, this is a risk process but it is worth it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give a negative of using stents

A

The blood now has a new obstacle to get through, this increases the risks for blood clots but to prevent a blood clot the recipient must now take anti coagulation drugs for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What causes fatty deposits

A

High cholesterol. If there is excess cholesterol in the blood some gets deposited in the coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes high cholesterol

A

Bad diet, lack of excercise, unfortunate genetics (awh man)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How can the need for a bypass or stent be avoided

A

By taking a medication called statins, statins lower the production of cholesterol however they can have some nasty side effects. They can cause kidney and liver damage. They also must be taken regularly to work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are pacemakers?
How to treat faulty pacemakers?
Any negatives?

A

Pacemakers are cells in the right atrium that sends electrical impulses to make the muscles of your heart contract .

You can get artificial pacemakers.

You need regular check ups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are valves? How do you treat faulty valves? Any negatives?
Valves are in arteries and they prevent the flow of blood from going backwards. You can get a human or pig valve transplant. Or you can have a mechanical valve Mechanical valves require you to take anti coagulation drugs for life. Organic valves may require you to take immunosuppression drugs for life
26
What can be done to treat cineplex’s heart failure? Negatives?
A heart transplant. If the waiting list is long then a temporary mechanical heart is needed It is difficult to find a heart donor A patient will need to stay in the hospital for the entire duration of having a mechanical heart while waiting for a heart transplant
27
How do white blood cells destroy pathogens
They engulf pathogens or produce anti toxins to kill them
28
What are platelets and what do they do
Cell fregmenra The make blood clots at the site of a wound
29
What does plasma carry
Urea, carbon dioxide, glucose and more
30
What does a double circulatory system mean
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood moving through the heart at the same time
31
What blood travels through the left side of the heart The bloods journey through the left side of the heart
oxygenated. Blood comes from the rest of the lungs through the pulmonary vein ➡️ left atrium ➡️ left ventricle ➡️ Aorta ➡️ capillary beds
32
What blood travels through the right side of the heart The bloods journey through the right side of the heart
Deoxygenated Blood comes from the rest of the body into the heart via vena cava ➡️ right atrium ➡️ right ventricle ➡️ blood goes to the lungs via pulmonary artery
33
Features of the arteries and purpose
Lumen(where blood flows) is narrow to keep high blood pressure to send blood around the body effectively Thick smooth muscle + elastic fibres - to withstand pressure
34
Features of veins and their purpose
Many valves to prevent blow flow going backwards
35
Features of Capillaries and purpose
Capillaries- 1 cell thick and allows oxygen to diffuse into cells
36
What happens when oxygen combines with haemoglobin
They combine to make oxyhemoglobin
37
What is transpiration
The loss of water vapour through the stomata
38
What are the major cells in stomata called
Guard cells
39
What enters and what leave the stomata
Oxygen and water vapour leaves Carbon dioxide comes in
40
Why is the stomata located underneath the leaves
So the stomata are protected from the suns energy and water wont be evaporated from the stomata
41
Transpiration happens via the
Xylem tissue
42
What happens when the plant doesn’t have enough water
The stomata closes , the leaves wilt and the plant leans over, this is a defence mechanism. As the leaves are no longer broad and upright less sun makes the water evaporate
43
How water water from the stomata leave
The sun heat up the water molecules and turns it into water vapour, it then diffuses out of the stomata
44
What will increase the rate of transpiration
High temperature High light intensity Broad surface area Strong wind
45
What will decrease the rate of transpiration
Humidity- for transpiration there must be a diffusion gradient there are already many water particles in the air so it is harder for water to diffuse into the air
46
How does wind increase transpiration
Water vapour that builds up around the leaf is blown away allowing more water vapour molecules to leave
47
What does the waxy cuticle do
The wavy cuticle reduces water loss by evaporation and redirects rainwater to the soil to be absorbed by the roots
48
What does the upper epidermis do and how does it aid the palisade mesophyll
The upper epidermis secrets a waxy substance that becomes the waxy cuticle It is transparent, this allows sunlight through to the palisade mesophyll to carry out photosynthesis
49
The lower epidermis is full of-
Holes called Stomata
50
What is the name of the cells underneath the upper epidermis
The PALISADE MESOPHYLL
51
Name two adaptations of the palisade mesophyll
Rectangular shaped so more of them can be compacted- faster rate of photo synthesis They have more chlorophyll than any other cell in the leaf - to carry out photosynthesis
52
Below the palisade mesophyll there are-
Irregular shaped mesophyll, this creates air pockets around the cells
53
When are there air pockets around irregular shaped mesophyll
Wider surface area for more efficient diffusion from vein into cells
54
What is the vein of a plant also known as
Vascular tissue
55
What is translocation
The movement of dissolved sugars around the plant via the phloem tissue
56
How does bile speed up digestion
Breaks down fats and lipids to increase surface area Neutralises the food and creates optimum PH conditions for lipase
57
How does smoking cause cancer
Most chemicals in cigarettes are carcinogenic. These carcinogens trigger the cells in the lungs to divide uncontrollably. The uncontrolled division creates a tumour. The tumour has a high risk of being malignant
58
What is a benign tumour
A tumour that’s non cancerous
59
What’s a malignant tumour
A tumor that is cancerous
60
What’s the difference between a malignant and benign tumour
Benign- cell division until there is not space Malignant - spreads and invades other tissues
61
What are two treatments to cancer
Radiotherapy - targets radiation at cancerous cells Chemotherapy- invokes drugs that stop cell division or causes cells the self destruct
62
What’s the negatives of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
They can both harm healthy cells leading to nasty side effects
63
How do cigarettes affect birth weight
Cigarettes produce carbon monoxide which binds to haemoglobin better than oxygen. More CO3 travels into the foetus blood stream than O2 which slows down development This lowers birth weight and increases infant mortality
64
What is translocation
The movement of sugar and other substances through a plant
65
Where’s are sugars in a plant transported through
Pholem
66
Does translocation require energy
YES
67
Why is translocation important
Supports growth and storage in roots Essential for distributing energy around a plant

Biology Paper 1 🌱🧬 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions