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B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are eukaryotes?

A

larger & complex, have a true nucleus that contains genetic material and other membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

what are prokaryotes?

A

smaller & simple cells, their genetic material is a single DNA loop that is not enclosed in the nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles
bacteria have small rings of DNA called plasmids

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3
Q

word equation for aerobic resp.?

A

glucose + oxygen -> CO2 + water + energy (ATP)

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4
Q

word equation for anaerobic resp.?

A

glucose -> lactic acid + energy(ATP)

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5
Q

anaerobic resp. in yeast/plants?

A

glucose -> ethanol + CO2 + energy(ATP)

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6
Q

diffusion?

A

net movement of a substance from an area of high to low conc. down the conc. gradient
by solutions or gases

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7
Q

osmosis?

A

net movement of water molecules from a high to low water potential down the conc. gradient across a partially permeable membrane

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8
Q

active transport?

A

movement of a substance from an area of low to high conc. agaisnt to conc. gradient
energy needed

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9
Q

word equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + water -> glucose + oxygen

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10
Q

mitosis?

A

1 parent cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells (IPMAT)

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11
Q

xylem function?

A

to transport water and mineral ions from roots to stems + leaves

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12
Q

phloem function?

A

to transport dissolved sugars/glucose from leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage

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13
Q

what’s a specialised cell?

A

cells that are modified to carry out a certain function

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14
Q

how are particles transported in active transport?

A

they’re pumped against the conc. gradient, needs ATP and carrier proteins in the cell membrane

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15
Q

meristem

A

can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout its lifetime (can create clones)

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16
Q

stem cell

A

undifferentiated cells that can divide by mitosis and differentiate to create specialised cells

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17
Q

totipotent

A

can become any cell

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18
Q

pluripotent

A

can become many different things

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19
Q

interphase

A

cell grows in size, increases amount of organelles, DNA replicated

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20
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

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21
Q

metaphase

A

nucleus disassembles, chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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22
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids are separated by spindle fibres

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23
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes gather at opposite sides of the cell and nuclei surround them

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24
Q

cytokinesis

A

2 identical daughter cells are complete with the same organelles as the parent cell

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25
how are xylem cells specialised?
``` transporting substances have no cytoplasm or end walls so they form a continuous tube for water to pass freely dead cell walls toughened by lignin flow in 1 direction made of dead cells ```
26
how are phloem cells specialised?
transporting substances thin cytoplasm and little organelles so there's a lot of room for substances within it living cells end plates with holes so flow is in both directions
27
how are root hair cells specialised?
to absorb water/mineral ions (from soil) | tiny hairs give a larger surface area for absorption
28
translocation?
movement of food molecules through phloem tissue
29
nucleus function
contains genetic info | controls cell activities
30
cytoplasm function
gel like substance where chemical reactions occur contains enzymes that control the reactions
31
cell membrane function
holds cell together controls what goes in and out semi-permeable
32
mitochondria function
where (aerobic) respiration occurs | transfers energy that cells need to work
33
ribosomes function
where protein synthesis occurs | proteins are made with amino acids here
34
cell wall
made of cellulose | supports and strengthens cell
35
permanent vacuole
keeps cell turgid contains cell sap (weak solution of sugars and salts)
36
chloroplasts
where photosynthesis occurs makes food/glucose for plant contains green substance chlorophyll that absorbs light for photosynthesis
37
do bacterial cells have chloroplasts or mitochondria?
no
38
what do microscopes do?
let us see things we can't see with the naked eye | techniques have developed as tech & knowledge has improved
39
describe electron microscopes
use electrons to form images higher mag. of 2 million times higher res. of 0.2 nm large, not portable, expensive
40
describe light microscopes
use light rays to form images lower mag. of 1500 times lower resolution of 200 nm small, portable, cheaper
41
how are sperm cells specialised?
for reproduction/fertilise egg cell acrosome with enzymes in head to penetrate egg cell membrane streamlined tail to swim to egg a lot of mitochondria to give energy
42
how are nerve cells specialised?
carry electrical signals/for fast signalling long branched connections/dendrites to send signals to distant parts of the body insulating sheath
43
how are muscle cells specialised?
for contraction and movement (quickly) long protein filaments that shorten for contraction lots of mitochondria to generate energy for contraction
44
what's cell differentiation?
when cells change and acquire different sub-cellular structures to become specialised for their jobs
45
explain animal cell animal cell differentiation
most animal cells lose the ability to differentiate at an early stage after they've become specialised
46
explain plant cell differentiation
plant cells can differentiate throughout their lifetime | stem cells grouped together in meristems
47
explain cell differentiation in mature animals
mainly only used to repair and replace cells e.g skin/hair cells
48
smallest to largest
``` gene DNA chromosome nucleus cell ```
49
what's a chromosome?
coiled up lengths of DNA molecules contains genetic info humans have 23 pairs/46 individual
50
explain the cell cycle
1) cell grows and increases amount of sub-cellular structures 2) DNA replicated 3) mitosis (IPMAT)
51
what's binary fission?
the way bacteria multiply/reproduce by simple cell division
52
what are the conditions for diffusion?
the bigger the conc. gradient (diff. in conc.), the faster the rate the higher the temp, the faster the rate as particles have more KE so they move faster
53
which type of molecules can diffuse through cell membranes?
only very small molecules can fit through
54
how does the surface area of the cell membrane affect the rate of diffusion?
the larger the SA of the cell membrane, the faster the rate as more particles can pass through at once
55
in which direction do water molecules move through the membrane in osmosis?
in both directions unless there's more water molecules on one side then there's a steady net flow of water into the region with less water molecules
56
where does gas exchange occur?
in the lungs
57
explain how to prepare a slide
add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide cut onion and separate layers use tweezers to peel off epidermal tissue from bottom put tissue on water on the slide add 1 drop of iodine sol. put cover-slip on
58
what are stains used for in microscopy?
to highlight objects in a cell by adding colour to them
59
how can you work out the real size of a cell?
count the no. of cells in 1 mm of the sample
60
what are the conditions needed for microorganisms to grow in culture mediums?
carbohydrates minerals proteins vitamins
61
what can be used to get an even covering of bacteria?
sterile dropping pipette and a spreader
62
in school labs, why are microorganism cultures not grown above 25 degrees celcius?
harmful pathogens a re likely to grow above this temp. | in industrial conditions the temp. is higher so they grow faster
63
why is a paper disc control used?
so we can be sure the dff. between growth of bacteria around control disc and antibiotic disc is due to the effect of the antibiotic alone
64
what's the risk of using stem cells?
stem cells grown in labs could become contaminated and pass on a virus to patient
65
why is distilled water used in osmosis practical?
doesn't contain dissolved substances that could effect rate of osmosis
66
for the osmosis PAG graph. what does it mean when the line crosses the x axis?
means there's no change in mass | conc outside and inside cell is equal
67
how does SA:V effect osmosis in potato PAG?
large SA:V -> more cells are directly exposed to liquid so more water can transfer through the membranes of the cells at one time
68
why do gases/dissolved substances diffuse directly into singe celled organisms across the cell membrane?
they have a large SA:V
69
why is active transport used to take up minerals from soil?
conc. of minerals is usually higher in root hair cell than in soil
70
how are exchange surfaces adapted?
thin membrane -> short diffusion distance large SA -> quick/efficient diffusion lots of blood vessels (animals) -> gets stuff in/out of blood quickly (once cell thick) ventilation (animals) -> air can move in and out
71
how are the LUNGS adapted for gas exchange?
alveoli are folded -> large SA:V -> quick/efficient diffusion moist lining -> for dissolving gases thin walls (one cell thick) -> short diffusion dist. capillaries + good blood supply -> maintains conc. gradient
72
how are the SMALL INTESTINES adapted for absorption?
villi give large SA -> food quickly absorbed into the blood thin membrane -> short distance good blood supply -> maintains conc. gradient
73
how are leaves adapted for diffusion?
broad -> large SA thin leaves -> short diffusion dist. stomata -> let oxygen + CO2 in and out
74
how are gills adapted for gas exchange?
filaments covered in lamellae (tiny structures) -> large SA -> quick/efficient diffusion good blood supply -> maintains conc. gradient thin membranes -> short diffusion dist. blood flows in opposite direction to water -> large conc. gradient
75
how are the ROOTS adapted for active transport?
root hair cells give large SA -> quick/efficient take up of minerals
76
how is meristem sued?
create clones quickly/economically | used for rare species, crop plants with pest/disease resistance
77
what can adult bone marrow stem cells do?
form many types of human cells e.g. blood cells | the tissue is matched to avoid rejection
78
disadv. of adult bone marrow stem cells
risk of infection | only a few cells can be formed
79
what can human embryonic stem cells do?
can be cloned or differentiate into most types of cell
80
what does therapeutic cloning do?
uses the same genes so the body doesn't reject the tissue | can be used to make organs
81
disadv. of human embryonic stem cells
risk of infection
82
who can be helped with stem cell treatment?
diabetics -> make cells that produce insulin paralysed people -> make nerve cells bone marrow diseases blood cancers *some people think embryos are human life, others think it's better to help suffering people*
83
cm in standard form
10^-2 m
84
mm in standard form
10^-3 m
85
micro meters in standard form
10^-6 m
86
nano meters in standard form
10^-9 m
87
define resolution
amount of info that can be seen in the image | how clear
88
define magnification
how large the image is compared to real life
89
how often do bacteria cells undergo binary fission?
every 20 mins
90
mm to μm
mm x 1000

Biology (7 decks)

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