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Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

what’s are pathogen?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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2
Q

how are diseases caused by pathogens spread?

A

water
air
direct contact
read B3 notes

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3
Q

how can the spread of disease be reduced/prevented?

A 
being hygienic
destroying vectors
isolating infected people
vaccination
*read B3 notes*
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4
Q

state some examples of pathogens

A

virus
bacteria
protists
fungi

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5
Q

what is a virus?

A 
aren't cells (much smaller than them)
DNA/rNA surrounded by protein coat
reproduce rapidly in cells 
this causes cells to burst and releases new viruses 
this makes us feel ill
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6
Q

what is bacteria?

A

small cells -> single celled, lack membrane bound organelles
reproduce rapidly in the body
produce toxins (poisons) that damage tissues and make us feel ill

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7
Q

what are protists?

A

single-celled eukaryotes
some are parasites that live on or inside organisms and cause them damage
they are often transferred to organisms by vectors

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8
Q

what are fungi?

A

some are single-celled,some are made of hyphae/chitin
hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin/plant surfaces
hyphae can create spores that can spread to plants/animals
this causes disease

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9
Q

what is a vector?

A

an organism that can carry spread a disease

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10
Q

what is hyphae?

A

thread like structures

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11
Q

what is disease?

A

a condition that’s caused by any part of the body not functioning properly

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12
Q

what’s measles?

A

viral disease
symptoms: fever, red skin rash
can be fatal if there are complications
spread by inhalation of droplets from sneezes/coughs

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13
Q

what’s HIV?

A

virus
flu-like symptoms -> can be felt a few years after contraction
can be controlled with antiretroviral drugs
late stage of HIV is called AIDS
spread by sexual contact/exchange of bodily fluids e.g. blood
attacks immune cells

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14
Q

what’s AIDS?

A

the late stage of HIV

body’s immune system too damaged to deal with infections or cancers

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15
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)?

A

virus that affects plants e.g. tobacco,tomatoes, potatoes
give discoloured mosaic pattern on leaves
this effects growth as chloroplasts are damaged -> less photosynthesis

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16
Q

what’s salmonella?

A

bacterial
causes food poisoning from food made in unhygienic conditions
symptoms: fever, vomiting, diarrhoea
poultry vaccinated against it

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17
Q

what’s gonorrhoea?

A

bacterial STD
symptoms: thick green/yellow discharge from vagina/penis, pain when urinating
treated with penicillin -> antibiotic
can be controlled with barrier contraception

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18
Q

what’s rose black spot?

A

fungal
black/purple spots develop on leaves
effects growth as it causes less photosynthesis
spread by water/wind
treated by fungicides or removing/destroying infected leaves

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19
Q

what’s malaria?

A

caused by protists
vector -> mosquito
symptoms: fever
can be fatal

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20
Q

how can the spread of malaria be reduced?

A

prevent mosquitoes from breeding

use mosquito nets to prevent bites

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21
Q

ways to prevent/reduce spread of disease?

A

being hygienic -> wash hands before preparing food
destroy vectors -> their habitat, insecticides
isolation -> prevent it from passing on
vaccination -> can’t develop it or pass it on

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22
Q

human defence systems?

A

skin
nose
trachea + bronchi
stomach

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23
Q

how does the immune system defend against disease?

Study These Flashcards
A

wbc travel in blood and produce antibodies and antitoxins to engulf and destroy pathogens

24
Q

what is phagocytosis?

Study These Flashcards
A

wbc (phagocytes) engulf forgeing cells/pathogens and digest them

25
how to antitoxins/antibodies defend against pathogens?
1) pathogens have unique antigens on their surface 2) wbc (lymphocytes) come across foreign antigens and produce antibodies to lock onto invading cells 3) the cells can be found and destroyed by phagocytes 4) antibodies are specific to certain antigens and will only lock onto certain ones 5) antibodies are rapidly produced and carried around the body to find all similar pathogens 6) if someone's infected by the same pathogen again wbc's are quickly produced to kill it 7) person becomes immune to pathogen and won't get ill
26
how do vaccinations prevent illness?
- they have a small amount of inactive pathogens with antigens on their surface - this stimulates wbc's to produce antibodies and bind with them - memory cells in immune system remember antibodies needed & characteristics of pathogen - if pathogen re-enters, wbc's will quickly produce correct antibodies to prevent infection - when vaccinated it takes time to make antibodies so we get some symptoms
27
what's the role of antitoxins?
counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria
28
advantages of vaccines?
can control communicable diseases that were once common | epidemics can be prevented if a large % of the population is vaccinated
29
disadvantages of vaccines?
don't always work/give immunity | rarely can give bad reactions -> swelling, fever, seizures
30
what are antibiotics? e.g. penecilin
medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing ineffective bacteria in the body specific bacteria is treated by specific antibiotics -> can't kill viruses, there can be resistant bacteria
31
what do painkillers do?
treat symptoms of disease | can't kill pathogens
32
why is is hard to develop drugs to kill viruses?
because they can damage body tissues
33
where do heart drug digitalis originate from?
foxgloves
34
where does painkiller aspirin originate from?
willow
35
how was penicillin discovered?
by alexander fleming from the penicillin mould/micro-organisms
36
how are drugs made?
most are synthesised by chemists | however their starting points can be from plants
37
describe clinical trials
1) pre-clinical trials -> live animals tested for toxicity 2) given to healthy people in small amounts so side-effects can be monitored 3) trials to find optimum dose/efficacy 4) blind trials for patients 5) double blind trials -> patients given placebo or not selected randomly 6) peer review of data to prevent false claims
38
how are monoclonal antibodies produced?
1) mouse injected with chosen antigen 2) lymphocytes in mouse produce antibodies 3) myloma (tumor cell) fuses with lymphocytes to produce a hybridoma 4) they divide quickly to make clones that produce the same antibodies 5) a large amount can be collected and purified
39
state uses of monoclonal antibodies
pregnancy tests measure hormone levels in blood detect pathogens locate/identify specific molecules in a cell/tissue by binding to them with a fluorescent dye to treat diseases -> deliver radioactive substances to cancer cells
40
what's the issue with monoclonal antibodies?
create more side-effects than expected | not widely used
41
how can plant disease be detected?
* stunted growth * spots on leaves * areas of decay (rot) * growths * malformed stems or leaves * discolouration * presence of pests
42
how can plant diseases be identified?
* checking gardening manuals or websites * taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen * using test kits that contain monoclonal antibodies.
43
state examples of plant ion deficiency conditions
* stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency (lack of protein synthesis due to not enough nitrate ions) * chlorosis (discolouration/yellowing) caused by magnesium deficiency which is needed to make chlorophyll (lack of photosynthesis)
44
what are the physical plant defences against organisms?
Cellulose cell walls Tough waxy cuticle on leaves. Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees) which fall off stops pathogen entry
45
what are the chemical plant defences?
Antibacterial chemicals. | Poisons to deter herbivores
46
what are the mechanical plant adaptaions?
Thorns and hairs deter animals. Leaves which droop or curl when touched Mimicry to trick animals. prevents plants being eaten
47
define an antitoxin
type of antibody | counteracts toxins produced by bacteria
48
explain how the nose is a defence system
hairs, sticky mucus, cilia | prevent pathogens entering though nostrils
49
how are the trachea/bronchi defence systems?
lined with mucus to trap dust/pathogens | cilia move mucus up to the back of the throat to be swallowed
50
how is the stomach a defence system?
HCl acid kills ingested pathogens that got in e.g. past the mouth
51
how is the skin a defence system?
hard to penetrate waterproof barrier glands secret oil + anti-microbacterial substancesto kill pathogens/microbes
52
define toxicity
how toxic
53
define efficacy
how effective it is
54
define dosage
how much should be taken
55
what kills viruses?
anti-viral drugs

Biology (7 decks)

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