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Biology > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

what’s a cell?

A

basic building block of living organisms

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2
Q

what is tissue?

A

group of cells with similar functions/structures

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3
Q

what are organs?

A

aggregation of tissues with similar functions

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4
Q

what is an organ system?

A

organs and tissues working together to form an organism

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5
Q

what’s metabolism?

A

the sum of all reactions in a cell or the body

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6
Q

what do digestive enzymes do?

A

convert food into small molecules to be absorbed into the bloodstream

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7
Q

what does the heart do?

A

an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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8
Q

what is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

a group of cells in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

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9
Q

what’’s coronary heart disease?

A

when fatty material builds up inside coronary arteries which narrows them and reduces blood flow causing lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

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10
Q

how is coronary heart disease treated?

A

stents used to keep coronary arteries open, statins used to reduce blood cholesterol which slows down fatty deposit

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11
Q

what’s the issue with faulty heart valves?

A

they can’t open fully and may develop leaks

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12
Q

how can faulty heart valves be treated?

A

they can be replaced by biological or mechanical valves

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13
Q

what is health?

A

state of physical and mental well-being

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14
Q

what can viruses in living cells do?

A

trigger cancers

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15
Q

what’s an enzyme?

A

large protein made of amino acids

biological catalyst that can speed up chemical reactions

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16
Q

equation for enzyme ROR?

A

rate = 1000/time

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17
Q

starch test - iodine

A

5cm^3 food sample in test tube
drop of iodine sol. in each tube
shake gently to mix
brown/orange -> blue/back (starch)

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18
Q

(reducing) sugars - benedict’s test

A

5cm^3 food sample in test tube
10 benedict’s sol. drops in each tube with pipette
put in water bath at 80°C, test tube rack, 5 mins
make test tube point away from you
blue -> green/orange/yellow/brick red precipitate
depends on amount of sugar

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19
Q

biuret - protein test

A

2cm^3 food sample in test tube
add 2cm^3 of biuret sol. in each tube
shake gently to mix
blue -> pink/purple/mauve (protein present)

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20
Q

sudan III - lipids test

A

5cm^3 sample in test tube (don’t filter)
3 sudan III stain sol. drops in each tube
shake gently
(if lipids present) 2 layers formed : top layer is red
if no lipids present, no separate red layer will form

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21
Q

ROR for amylase experiment

A

1) put 1 drop of iodine sol. in each spotting tile well
2) heat a beaker of water w/bunsen burner untill 35oC
3) use syringe to add 1cm^3 of amylase sol. and
add 1cm^3 buffer sol. ito boiling tube
4) put tube in the water beaker for 5 mins
5) use syringe to add 5cm^3 of starch sol. to a tube
6) mix contents in boiling tubes
7) use a pipette to add fresh sample from the tube into wells every 30 secs(continuous sampling)
8) if iodine sol. stays brown/orange starch isn’t present
9) repeat with different buffer sol. of pH values and see how it affects the time taken for starch to break down

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22
Q

equation to calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

rate = amount of blood(ml) / time(mins)

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23
Q

where is amylase produced?

A

salivary gland

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24
Q

where is protease produced?

A

pancreas

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25
where is lipase produced?
small intestines
26
describe arteries
carry oxygenated blood away from heart under high pressure strong thick elastic walls that stretch small lumen
27
describe veins
carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure thin walls big lumen to help blood flow valves keep blood flowing in the right direction
28
describe capilaries
``` carry blood close to every cell at low pressure to exchange substances supply food/oxygen take away CO2 thin to decrease diffusion distance permeable for diffusion ```
29
malignant?
cancerous
30
benign?
non-cancerous
31
what's the function of the lungs?
to let in oxygen from the air we breathe into cells for respiration
32
describe alveoli
give lungs large surface area so there's more space for diffusion one cell thick, makes exchange surface thin and shortens diffusion distance surrounded by capillaries for good blood supply to maintain conc. gradient
33
where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
lungs through pulmonary artery where gas exchange occurs (double circulatory)
34
where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
the rest of the body through aorta (double circulatory)
35
describe rbc
carry oxygen from lungs to body cells haemoglobin bind to oxygen to transport it biconcave for large surface area for absorbing oxygen no nucleus for more oxygen carrying space
36
describe wbc
defend against infection some change shape to kill bad microorganisms some produce antibodies & antitoxins to fight microorganisms have a nucleus
37
describe platelets
help blood clot at wounds to stop excess bleeding or microorganisms getting in lack of them causes excessive bleeding & bruising no nucleus
38
describe plasma
``` carries: rbc wbc platelets glucose amino acids (absorbed by gut and taken into cells) urea proteins antibodies antitoxins ```
39
what's a risk factor?
things linked to an increased likelihood that a person will develop a disease in their lifetime
40
transpiration?
evaporation and diffusion of water from the plant's surface loss of water from a plant (usually the leaf)
41
constant stream of transpiration?
evapouration causes slight water shortage xylem draws up more water from roots to leaves to replace loss water evapourates/diffuses from leaf surface repeats
42
vena cava function?
vein that carries deoxygenated blood to right atrium
43
aorta function?
blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
44
why does the left side (ventricle) have thicker muscle?
it needs to pump blood further and at a higher pressure around the body
45
how is the stomach adapted for absorption?
folded villi to increase surface area and increase rate of absorption
46
what's blood?
a tissue with different components
47
how are muscle cells adapted?
have long protein filaments that can slide past eachother to shorten the cell for contraction
48
what's glandular tissue?
make/secrete chemicals like enzymes or hormones | make digestive juices to digest food
49
whats the digestive system?
an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food
50
what makes up the digestive system?
``` salivary glands oesophagus stomach liver gall bladder pancreas large/small intestines rectum ```
51
what's the active site?
where the substrate binds to the enzyme | has a unique shape
52
why do enzymes usually catalyse specific reactions?
for the enzyme to work the substrate has to fit into its active site if not the reaction wont be catalysed
53
what's an induced fit in terms of enzymes?
active site changes shape slightly when substrate binds to it to get a tighter fit
54
describe the lock and key theory/model
1) shape of the active site matches the shape of substrate 2) substrate collides and binds to active site of enzyme 3) becomes enzyme-substrate complex 4) enzyme catalyses breakdown of substrate 5) becomes enzyme-product complex 6) product released from active site 7) enzyme is unchanged and can be re-used
55
what's metabolism?
the sum of all the reactions in a cell or the body
56
how is metabolism related to enzymes?
energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesises new molecules
57
whats translocation?
movement of food molecules through phloem tissue
58
how to create a food sample
break up a piece of food with pestle and mortar put ground up food into beaker with distilled water mix wit glass rod to dissolve some of the food filter solution to get rid of solid bits of food (not for sudan 3)
59
why can't you test for non-reducing sugars with benedict's test?
they dont have the aldehyde group | so they cant reduce copper sulphate like reducing sugars can
60
ethanol emulsion test
``` 2cm^3 food sample in test tue add 2cm^3 ethanol shake leave on test tube rack, 2 mins food dissolves in ethanol empty clear lqiuid into test tube with 2cm^3 distilled water clear -> milky white emulsion/cloudy layer (lipids present) remains clear -> no lipids ```
61
explain ethanol emulsion test
- lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol - after lipids have been dissolved in ethanol and then added to H2O they form tiny dispersed droplets in the water -> an emulsion - the droplets scatter light as it passes through the water so it appears white and cloudy

Biology (7 decks)

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