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B1-cells Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that contains a nucleus eg plant and animal

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains no nucleus eg bacteria cell

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3
Q

Define DNA

A

the genetic info found in all living organisms

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4
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

To protein synthesise

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5
Q

Define organelle

A

A sub cellular structure. Part of cell with specific function

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6
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs

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7
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs

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8
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance where chemical reactions occur such as anaerobic respiration

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9
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains a cells genetic material. Found in eukaryotic

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10
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

To control what moves in and out of the cell

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11
Q

Function of vacuole

A

Omly in pkant cell filled with cell sap to keep the cell turgid

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12
Q

Function of cell wall

A

To provide structure and support to the cell. made of cellulose (a sugar)

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13
Q

Define oamosis

A

The movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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14
Q

Define diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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15
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with holes to allow small substances through

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16
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration against the concentration gradient. Requires energy.

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17
Q

Name the 3 stages of mitosis

A

Interphase. Mitosis. Cytokinesis.

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18
Q

What is mitosis

A

Cell division in body cells producing 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Used for organism growth and cell replacement

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19
Q

Which sub cellular structures are in animal cell

A

Ribosome. Mitochondria .cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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20
Q

Which subcellular structures are in plant cells

A

Chloroplasts. Mitochondria. Cell wall. Cell membrane. Vacuole. Cytoplasm.. nucleus. Ribosomes.

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21
Q

What is cellulose

A

A tyoe of sugar that makes up cell wall

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22
Q

Which subcellular structures are inside bacteria cell

A

Cell membrane. Simple capsule. Cell wall. Plasmids. Flagella. Cytoplasm. Genetic material. Ribosomes.

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23
Q

What are plasmids

A

Loops of dna in bacteria cells

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24
Q

Name the two substances that into the cells from the blood

A

Glucose carbon dioxide

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25
Define specialised cells
Cells that are adapted to make them better at their job/function
26
Why dont root hair cells have chloroplasts
Because they are underground meaning they do not need to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis since cloroplasts are the sight of photosynthesis
27
Define cell differentiation
When a cell becomes specialised to do a speciific job
28
Nerve cell
Found in nervous system Job is to carry electrical impulses to different parts of the bodies Adaptions long connections at each end to connect with other cells has an insulation layer
29
Ciliated epithelium
Trachea (wind pipe) Function to stop lung damage. Hair sweeps mucus with trapped dust back to throat Adaptioms they line all the air passages down to lungs. They have tint hairs called cilia
30
Sperm cell
Found in testies Function is to carrys fathers genetic info to the egg Adaptations long tail so theu can swim to egg enzymes on head so they can get into egg (scissors) 23 chromosomes has mitochondria to release energy
31
Red blood cell
Blood Function to carey oxygen from lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to lungs Adaptations dimple like shape (biconcawe) large surface area no nucleus to make room for oxygen conrains haemoglobin which picks up oxygen
32
Egg cell
Ovaries Function is to carry mother genetic info (DNA) Adaptations comtains a yolk that acts like a food source much larger than other animal cells
33
Palisade cell
Top of a leaf Function is to carey out photosynthesis to help make plant food Adaptations tell and large surface area to catch sunlight packed with chloroplasts to absorb sunlight found in top of lead
34
Root hair cell
Plant root Function is to absorb water and minerals from soil Adaptations large surface area to absorb water Larg vacuole to store water thin cell wall to allow water thru Dosent contain chloroplasts
35
White blood cell
Blood Function is to protect bodies from sickness. Helps fight bascteria allergies viruses and cancer. Adaptations lasts 1 to 5 days and our bodies are always making more
36
Define magnification
How much bigger a sample appears under the microscope than in real life
37
Define resolution
The ability to distinguish between two points on an image. The amount of detail
38
Calculation for total magnification
Total magnification=objective magnifiction x eyepiece magnification
39
Calculatiom for magnification
Aim Magnification (X) =image size (mm)/actual real size (um)
40
Define multicellular organism
An organism that contains different types of cells that Carry out different functions
41
Define chromosomes
A strand of DNA
42
What is a compound microscope
That uses 2 or more lenses
43
Light microscopes
Used for hundreds of years Speciman can be living Quite cheap 2d image only Uses light rays Coloured X1000 to x2000 magnification
44
Electron microscopes
Very recently inveneted Specimen is dead Cery expensive 3d image can be produced X2,000,000 magnification Uses electrons bc of high energy Detailed Black and white
45
Where do we find all our dna
In the nucleus of a cell
46
When does an egg cell become fertilisrd
When it has 46 chromosomes not 23
47
What happens during interphase
Duplication of all the subcellular structures and chromosomes
48
What happens during mitosis (stage 2)
Chromosomes increase in size and line up in the middle of the cell. Spindle fibres pull each chromosome to opposite poles. Nucleur membrane formed and divides into 2 identical nuclei
49
What happens during cytokinesis
Subcellular structure and nucleus migrate to each pole. Cytoplasm divides and new membrane is formed. 2 genetically identical daughter cells are formed
50
Define stem cell
An unspecialised cell that can become any type of cell
51
What can stem cells be used to treat
To repair damaged organs. Can treat leukaemia diabetes and parkinsons diesease
52
Which types of cells can adult stem cells become
Blood cells
53
Where do adult and embryonic stem cells come from
Adult-bone marrow Embryonic-developing embryo
54
Advantages and disadvantaged of adult stem cells
A- donor can give permission More ethical Cheaper D-higher chnace of bodies immune system rejecting the adult cells compared to embryonic Can only become blood cells
55
Advantages and disadvantages of embryonic stem cells
A-can develop into any type of cell Lower chnace of rejection Divides faster D-unethical Embryo cant give permission 5x more expensive for fewer cells Could still fail-wasted life Chance of viral infection
56
Are stem cells also found in plants?
Yes. Found in meristems (tissue). Can be used to clone rare specicies with desired features
57
Benedicts test
Test for glucose (sugar). If present it will turn brick red if negative it will remain blue
58
Iodine test
Test for starch if present it will turn black if negative it will remain brown
59
Reactants and products of photosynthesis
Reactants- carbon dioxide and water Products- glucose and oxygen
60
How are alveoli adapted for diffusion
Good blood supply. Large surface area. Thin membrane. Moist
61
How can we speed the rate of diffusion (rw)
More sugar in the tube-steeper concentration gradient Increasing temp more ke for the particles to move from high to low concentration Using a longer visking tube larger surface area more holes for the particles to past thru
62
Calculation for % chnage
%change=change/original x 100
63
Explain why root hair cells might use active transport
Absorb mineral ions agaianst the concentration gradient

Biology (6 decks)

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