B3-infection And Response Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is a communicable disease?
It is a second spread from one person to another, and it’s caused by pathogens
What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that cause disease
What is a virus?
Small acellular (not cells) pathogens. they reproduce rapidly in humans. Invade (hijack) and live inside of host cells and use hosts DNA to replicate. Causes damage when does cell, bursts and releases new viruses. The cell damage makes us feel ill.
What is bacteria?
Prokaryotic. Small. Reproduce rapidly in humans. Produce and release toxins which cause damage to cells in the body.
This makes us feel ill.
What is fungi?
Single celled pathogens. Grow on the surface of leaves or skin. They produce spores which spread. (Reproductive cell in plants). They feed off living tissue.
What is a protists?
Single celled eukaryotes. Often parasites, live and replicate inside host organism causing damage.
In what ways can communicable diseases be spread
Direct contact
Water and food
Air
Vector
Explain how and we passed through direct contact
Touching a contaminated surfaces
Sexual contact
Athletes foot
HIV
Gonorrhoea
Explain how disease are spread through water
Dirty water, transmits many diseases, such as cholera
Explain how disease travel through air
Airborne pathogen is carried in the air in droplets of cough and sneezes and we inhale them
Explain how diseases spread through food prep
Unhygienic
Undercooked reheated
Salmonella
Explain how diseases spread through Vector
Animal that carries disease to other organisms without getting it
Mosquitoes and malaria
Badges and tuberculosis cattle
How would you prevent or reduce the spread of pathogens
Improve hygiene-wash hands before and after touching food . Disinfect surfaces, isolate, raw meat
Reducing contact/isolation
Prevents individuals from passing on communicable disease
Removing vectors
Disease, less spread
Destroy habitats
Vaccination
Can’t develop and pass it on
Explain measles
VIRAL DISEASE
Spread through airborne droplets when one sneezes and coughs
Symptoms -red rash, high temperature, runny nose, sneezing, coughing
Can lead to pneumonia , blindness, death
Prevent through vaccinating young children
Explain HIV
VIRAL DISEASE
Spread by sexual contact/exchanging bodily fluids-sharing needles
Symptoms -initially flu like-then virus attacks immune system (AIDS)
It infects and kills white blood cells -immune system eventually so weak person gets AIDS
Prevented by using barrier contraception (condoms) not sharing, needles, mothers, bottlefeeding, children, antiretroviral drugs (stop replication)
Explain tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
VIRAL DISEASE
Spread by contact and vectors
Infects plants and destroys chloroplasts in leaves
Symptoms -discolouration of leaves, reduced growth due to lack of photosynthesis
Prevented by burning plant , disinfecting tools/hands killing, insects, vectors,
Explain salmonella
BACTERIAL DISEASE
Bacteria that lives in animal gut
Spread by eating contaminated food eg. Raw chicken
Symptoms -vomiting, fever, stomach cramps, diarrhoea-by toxins
Prevented by washing hands before and after touching raw meat. Cook food thoroughly. Keep Raw meat away. Vaccinating poultry (chickens)
Explain gonorrhoea
BACTERIAL DISEASE
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
SPREAD BY SEXUAL CONTACT -unprotected
Symptoms-thick yellow green discharge from genitals, pain when urinating, fever
Prevented by using barrio contraception (condoms) and antibiotics
Used to be treated with antibiotics (penicillin) but too many resistant strains
Explain rose black spot
FUNGAL DISEASE
Spread by spores in water, or by wind
Can also be spread by farmers tools or hands
Symptoms -purple black spots on leaves of rose plants-reduce photosynthesis (can’t grow)
Leave turns yellow and falls off
prevent by using fungicide to kill pathogen remove infected leaves
Explain malaria
PROTIST DISEASE
Spreads by Vector-mosquitos-pick up protest and feeding on infected animals
The parasite can live on mosquitoes and humans
When mosquito feeds and animals, infected by inserting proteins into animals, blood vessel
Symptoms-a cycle of fevers-fatal , headache, muscle, pain, tiredness
Prevent spread-mosquito repellent, mosquito nets, stop them from breeding-cover, standing water where they lay their eggs
Describe the non-specific defence systems (first line of defence)
The nose-has mucus trap pathogens prevents particles from entering the lungs
The trachea and bronchi -cilia-hair-like structures on cells to move, mucus with trapped pathogens upwards, to be swallowed
Stomac -hydrochloric acid kills pathogens.
Skin-acts as a physical barrier to prevent entry of pathogens ,good microorganism, compete with bad ones
Describe the specific immune system defence
Second line of defence
Phagocyte- detect, and engulf pathogens, and digest them with enzymes, can’t make you feel ill
Antibodies production - (lymphocytes b cells produce them)
Complimentary to pathogen is antigen
Bind to antigens
Pathogen clump together
Easier for white blood cells to find them
Antitoxin production -lymphocytes produce anti-toxin, these counteract toxin is produced by invading bacteria
Neutralise them and bind to them
Explain how Vaccines work
Contain a dead or weekend form of a pathogen, so you will not infected person, but the antigens on the pathogen will bind trigger white blood cells to produce, antibodies that can bind to the specific antigen
Make individual in into certain disease
Herd immunity -vaccinating large population-spider pathogen is reduced as there are less people to catch it from
How do vaccines actually work?
White blood cells will form B cells that will remember the antigen on the pathogen and produce more anti-bodies faster, if reinfected to prevent illness. This makes people immune. So if pathogen attacks again antibodies are produced must faster and a higher concentration. Symptoms aren’t felt as pathogen is destroyed.
