B2-organisation

Question 1

Describe the principles of organisation

Answer 1

Cells-basic building blocks of all living organisms

Tissue-a group of cells working together to perform the same function

Organ-a group of tissues working together to perform the same function

Organ system-a group of organs working together to perform the same function

Organism-An organ system working together to form organisms

Cell->tissue->organ->organ system->organisms

Question 2

Relate enzymes to metabolism

Answer 2

Enzymes speed up the numerous chemical reactions that occur within an organism making it essential for metabolism. metabolism includes all the processes that allow food to be turned into energy.

Question 3

Describe an enzyme is

Answer 3

Enzymes are made up of proteins. These are made up of amino acids enzymes are biological catalyst, meaning the speed of reaction without being used up they lower the activation energy. breaks down large food, molecules and join small ones.

The activity is complimentary and specific to the corresponding substrate

The workplace that optimum temperature in pH

Pepsin-2
Salivary amylase-6
Alkaline phosphate-9

Question 4

What is meant by denatured

Answer 4

When an active site loses its native shape and no longer works due to various different factors. The enzymes active site is no longer the shape it used to be.

Question 5

Describe the lock and key hypothesis

Answer 5

The enzyme is the lock and the substrate (large food molecule) is the key. The substrate fits into the enzymes active site
Only certain substrates will fit in certain enzymes. (Active sites shapes r complimentary) That’s why it is School, the locking key model.
The substrate binds with the enzyme. This is known as an enzyme substrate complex like a lock and key.
The substrate breaks down (bonds are broken) into a smaller soluble molecule .(products release)
The enzyme is not free to catalyse more reactions

Question 6

Explain the changing PHO temperature has an enzyme action

Answer 6

To high the temperature denatures the enzyme
Too low of a temperature makes enzyme activity decrease do to reduce kinetic energy
To extreme of a pH of denature, the enzyme
High concentration of enzymes lead to an increase in activity

37 which is body temp-opt

Question 7

Describe the graph of how temperature effects enzyme activity

Answer 7

LOPSIDED SLOPE
beginning slow rise-not enough energy
Peak-optimum temp
Falling down-denatured-reduction in activity as enzyme is damaged by heat
Past optimum temperature is the active site changes shape

Question 8

Explain the graph of help affects enzyme activity

Answer 8

A NORMAL SLOPE
Beginning-slowly rising-denatured
Peak-optimum PH
Falling slowly-denatured

Question 9

Amylase-breaks down /into produced works

Answer 9

Breaks down starch
Into glucose (smaller, sugar molecules)
Produced in slavery, glands and pancreas
Works in salivary glands and small intestine

Question 10

Carbohydrase-breaks down/into produced works

Answer 10

Break down carbohydrates
Into sugars (such as glucose)
Produced in the salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
Works in pancreas and saliva glands

Question 11

Protease break down/into produced work

Answer 11

Break down proteins
Into amino acids
Produced in the pancreas and stomach small intestine
Where in the stomach and small intestine

Question 12

Lipase breakdown/into produced work

Answer 12

Breaks down, lipids (fats)
Into fatty acids and glycerol
Produced in the pancreas and small intestine
Work in small intestine

Question 13

What are the products of digestion, used for

Answer 13

Used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Some glucose is used in respiration.

Question 14

What is bile and what is it used for?

Answer 14

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area. The alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate of fat break down by lipase.

Question 15

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 15

Carbon dioxide + water——->glucouse + oxygen

Question 16

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 16

Glucose + oxygen ———> carbon dioxide+ water

Question 17

Describe how you would carry out the food test for glucose (sugar)

Answer 17

Cover food sample in Benedict’s reagent
(If food is solid it needs to be dissolved)
Please in a warm water bath above 75°C .
If it turns from blue to (yellow or green) brick red glucose is present

Question 18

Describe how you would carry out the food test for starch

Answer 18

Please, your food sample in a spotting tile. Cover the food sample with a few drops of iodine. If it turns from brown orange to black blue starch is present.

Question 19

Describe how you would carry up the food test for protein

Answer 19

Add your food sample into a test tube and cover it with Biuret solution.
(If food is solid then dissolve)
If it turns from blue to purple, lilac protein is present .

Question 20

Describe how you would carry out a food test for lipids (fats)

Answer 20

Add to food sample into a test tube with ethanol and shake thoroughly to dissolve any lipids present. Add add the ethanol and food sample into a test tube of cold water. If it turns from clear to cloudy white ethanol is present.

Question 21

Describe each part of the digestive system

Answer 21

Mouth-mechanically, breaks down food
Salivary glands -produces amylase
Oesophagus
Liver-produces bile
Gallbladder -Stores bile
Stomach-churns up food, stomach acid (HCL) kills bacteria. Provide environment for protease to work in
Pancreas -produces enzymes (protease,amylase and lipase)
Small intestine-move is glucose, ions to blood. Large surface area villi 7 m long.
Large intestine -removes excess water
Rectum-stores faeces
Anus-get rid of food waste from body

Question 22

Describe the ventilation system

Answer 22

Mouth
Trachea-windpipe
Lung
Rib -protects lungs
Intercostal muscle -allows of ribs to expand
Heart -pumps blood

Bronchus -branch of trachea
Bronchioles-branch of bronchus
Alveoli -where gas exchange happen-large surface area
Diaphragm -move up and down to bring in an out

THORAX
ABDOMEN

Question 23

What is the function of the lungs and heart?

Answer 23

Heart-to pump blood thoughout body providing O removing CO. Double circulatory system.

Lungs-let you breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide

Question 24

Describe the heart structure and parts functions

Answer 24

Right ventricle-pumps blood to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place
Left ventricle -pumps blood around the rest of the body
Right atrium
Left atrium
Vena cava -returns deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
Aorta-carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
Pulmonary artery-carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary vein-carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
Valves -open and shut to allow blood flow in One Direction
Pace makers-help control abnormal heart rhythms (group of cells) in right atrium.produce small electric impulses around 70bpm

Artificial can be put in if individual had an irregular heartbeat

Coronary arteries-supply oxygenated blood to the heart

Left side has really large muscle because right side only need to pump blood to the lungs which are close by, but the left pumps to the whole body

Question 25

Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries

Answer 25

Archeries-thick out of wall to withstand high pressure, narrow lumen because it carries blood under very high pressure from heart thick layer of muscles and elastic fibres to stretch easily to accommodate high pressure (oxygenated blood except pulmonary) Veins -fairly thin outer wall, large lumen because it carries blood under very low pressure to the heart thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres. Blood flows slowly thru them. Contains valves to make sure Laiba doesn’t flow backwards. (Deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein). Capillaries. Join to form veins Capillaries -very small lumen so blood flows really slowly through them, giving more time for diffusion. Walls are one cell thick so that if you can take place efficiently and to ensure blood flows near all cells. arteries branch to capillaries. Take away waste and supply oxygen

Question 26

Cardiac output stroke volume and heart rate triangle

Answer 26

Cardiac output (Cm cubed/min) ——————— Stroke volume. Heart rate Cm cubed X Bpm

Question 27

Desceibe alveoli

Answer 27

have a high oxygen concentration inside them and a low oxygen concentration outside Surrounded by capillaries Have a low carbon dioxide concentration inside them and a high carbon dioxide concentration outside. So particles diffuse into alveoli Thin membrane to gases, diffuse easier and diffusion path is short Moist membrane is the rate of diffusion is faster Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient for diffusion take place

Question 28

What is blood and parts of it

Answer 28

Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended. Red blood cells -no nucleus to carry more oxygen-carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and CO2 from the body back to the lungs for respiration .Biconcave disk shape. Large surface area contains haemoglobin which pics up oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. small and flexible feet in capillaries, thin, or short distance of diffusion. White blood cells -protect our bodies from sickness, help us, fight, virus, bacteria, allergies and cancer. Last one to 5 days and our bodies are always making more.immune system.phagocytes and lymphocytes Platelets -clotting wounds. No nucleus. Prevents micro organisms entering the wound. Plasma-carries the cells contained in blood. Pale straw coloured liquid. carries nutrients.

Question 29

CHD

Answer 29

What is Winona Connery arteries that supply the oxygen rich blood to the heart become narrow and restrict blood flow. Caused by a buildup of fatty material (cholesterol) on the inside wall lining (atheroma). Reduce the supply oxygen to heart. No oxygen, which is certain parts of the heart mean in the cells are unable to respire aerobically, leading to cramping and tire (heart attack)

Question 30

Risk factors and treatments

Answer 30

Risk- smoking, high blood pressure, too much salt or fat in diet,no exercise,diabetes,gender ,obesity,genetics Treatments-stents metal mesh tubes place in archery. Tiny balloon include to open up blood vessel and stent at same time the moon defeats and removed Leaving stent D-infection,allergic reaction,expensive , risk of heart attack during procedure, blood clots, can form A-not very invasive,emergency treatments low risk of heart attack, short recovery time Statin-medication to lower cholesterol levels by slowing the deposit of fatty material. You don’t ever stop taking them A-lowers cholesterol, reduced risk of heart disease/attacks,cheap D-muscle, pain, and weakness,liver damage,long term, not instant effect Lifestyle chnages Coronary bypass-taking vino Archie from leg and transplanting into the vessels around hard to create a bypass of the blockage A-increased exercise tolerance, improve blood flow D-expensive, invasive Donor heart-Heart from real human after death d-can be rejected, donors are rare , need to take immunosuppressant, a-increased life expectancy Artificial heart-mechanical device to pumps blood for persons failed heart a-less likely to be rejected, D-surgery can lead to infection and bleeding, Blood clots-stroke

Question 31

Define health

Answer 31

Health is a state of physical and mental well-being

Question 32

What imporves health

Answer 32

Community Diet Exercise Genes

Question 33

What can decrease health?

Answer 33

Diet Stress Life situations

Question 34

What is a non-communicable disease

Answer 34

A disease which cannot be passed on from one person to another not contagious. last for a long time and get worse.

Question 35

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 35

Infectious disease. Can be passed on from one person to another.

Question 36

Which which factors lead to what diseases

Answer 36

Diet smoking on exercise on cardiovascular disease Obesity for type two diabetes Effects of alcohol on Liver and brain function Effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer Effect of smoking, an alcohol, an unborn babies Carcinogens and ultraviolet radiation fir cancer

Question 37

What is cancer caused by and tumorus

Answer 37

Cells dividing uncontrollably-leads to lumps Benign tumours-slow,normally harmless, moles, warts. Circular,compact, non cancerous,dangerous if it damages an organ Malignant tumours-fast,aggressive,mobile Can spread,no fixed shape, invade neighbouring tissues. Difficult to treat, cancerous,create secondary tumours by invading healthy tissue. Fatal Melanoma tumours caused by uv radiation

Question 38

Cancer cells

Answer 38

They stimulate the growth of their own blood supply to be supplied with oxygen and glucose respiration Malignant cells can detach and spread to start a secondary tumour Cancer cells are hard to treat the divide uncontrollably, and or a part of the body is tissue.cells DNA has been changed.can spread though whole body

Question 39

What is translocation?

Answer 39

The movement of dissolved sugars made in photosynthesis from the leaves of the plant

Question 40

What is transpiration?

Answer 40

Gradual release of water vapour from Leaves to continue the pull of water up to them from the soil (Water loss through evaporation/diffusion)

Question 41

Part of the leaf

Answer 41

Cuticle-waxy layer Upper epidermis -covers plant-reduce water loss by evaporation Palisade Mesophyll-where photosynthesis happens-lots of chloroplasts-top of the leaf for light Spongy Mesophyll-air pockets for gas exchange in diffusion (efficient, diffusion of gases) Lower epidermis -covers Guard cells. Stomata -transpiration

Question 42

How is a leaf adapted for diffusion?

Answer 42

Stomata allows gases to enter and leave the plant Can you message Hiba has a love a pocket making it easier for gases to diffuse through them as there is a large surface area and a lot of holes Thin leaves, give us a thin membrane for diffusion Stomata only at bottom of leaf -to prevent water loss. If you was at the top, it would be in direct sunlight. Increasing amount of water loss allows gases diffuse in and out was not losing too much water as the bottom of the leaf is cooler than the top

Question 43

Xylem and phloem

Answer 43

Xylem-transports water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leaves-one way only.thick walls. No end walls between cells.dead cells,hollow, strengthened with lignin,hole down middle Phloem-moves ,food substances produced by photosynthesis from leaf to roots,needed for growth 2 way flow,end walls between cells,sieve plates,living cells

Question 44

Factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Answer 44

Light intensity-bright light- stomata open wider to let more co2 in. More water leaves .more like photosynthesis, more water needed, bringing up-more transpiration Temperature-high temp-rate of reaction more faster-more transpiration-particles have more energy-more water molecules evaporate from all surfaces rate of diffusion increses Wind (air movement)-more wind, if air flow is bad,water vapour surrounds the leaf-high conc outside and inside-diffusion dosent happen fast. Good air flow-water vapour swept away from lead-low conc outside-more diffusion- more transpiration Humidity -high humidity-water struggles to leave leave cause high concentration of water outside leaf-less steep conc gradient-slower diffusion-lower transpiration (DRIER THE AIR-FASTER TRANSPIRATION)

Question 45

Required practical-investigating effect of pH on rate of reaction-anylase

Answer 45

Breaks down starch to glucose Starch detected by iodine Buffer solution produce particular, pH Put a drop of iodine solution into well of spotting tile Please Bunsen burner on heat with my with tripod and gauze over Put beaker of water on top and heat water until 35 Using to range and 1 cm³ of amylase solution and 1 cm³ a buffer solution with a pH 5 to boiling tube Wait, five minutes Use different, the range and 5 cm³ of starch to boiling tube Mix content and start stopwatch Record how long it takes for amylase to breakdown starch dropping prepare every 10 seconds Repeat the different pH values Control -concentration and volume of amylase, temp

Question 46

What does smaller soluble mean?

Answer 46

It can pass easily through digestive walls into blood

Question 47

Exchange surfaces-alveoli

Answer 47

The lungs contain millions of alveoli (microscopic air sacks) The blood consists of CO2 and very little oxygen Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli, in to ( low concentration) and CO2 moves in Oxygen diffuses out of blood to cell (low concentration) and CO2 move out

Question 48

Faulty valves

Answer 48

They can be weakened by age, infection or heart attack Valves won’t open properly or leak Blood can’t circulate effectively Biological -taken from humans/animals Works very well Only last 12 to 15 years People don’t animals put in them Mechanical -man-made Longer-lasting Blood clot Unethical Artificial blood -after extreme blood loss, salt solution, keep people alive even if they lose 2/3 of red blood cells gives time for red blood cells to make new ones

Question 49

Risk factors of the noncommunicable diseases

Answer 49

Cardiovascular disease Diet rich in cholesterol Smoking damages artery walls Lack of exercise, lower blood pressure Type two diabetes Obesity affect metabolism Fat molecules release into the blood Liver and brain function Alcohol-causes fatty liver Damaged nerve cells in the brain Lung disease and cancer Damaged cells in Long lining Damages artery walls Pregnancy Smoking and drinking alcohol damaging affects an unborn child Cancer Carcinogens ionising radiation

Question 50

Lifestyle risk factors for cancer

Answer 50

Smoking Lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical Obesity Bowel live and kidney UV exposure Skin, cancer and sunbeds Sunny climate, more risk Viral infections Liver cancer Unprotected intercourse/needles HPV -cervical Genetic factors Faulty genes Increase likelihood of cancer

Question 51

What is a physical process?

Answer 51

A process which doesn’t require energy

Question 52

Describe the process of transporation

Answer 52

Water evaporates from the leaves, and diffuses out of stomata Continuous transpiration stream (Transpiration is side-effect of the way leaves, adapted for photosynthesis-more water inside and out) Water in through roots Water escapes via stomata

Question 53

Stomata

Answer 53

When the plant has lots of water Guard cells go turgid and plump (filled with water) Stomata open Gases exchange for photosynthesis When plant is short on water Call cells lose water and become flaccid (lacking stiffness) Stomata closes Less transpiration Sensitive to light Close at night -save water More on the underside -shaded and cooler-less water loss