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Biology > B10- The human nervous system > Flashcards

B10- The human nervous system Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of a cell’s internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions in response to internal or external changes

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2
Q

3 internal conditions

A

Body temperature, water content, blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

Examples of external changes and their effect

A

Exercising- decreases blood sugar, decreases water content
Temperature- increases/decreases body temperature

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4
Q

Examples of internal changes and their effect

A

Food- increases blood sugar
Drinking-increases water content

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5
Q

Stimuli

A

Changes in the internal or external environment

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6
Q

2 types of automatic control systems

A

Nervous system, endocrine system

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7
Q

3 key features of a control system and brief description

A

Receptor- detects stimuli
Coordination centre- receives and processes info
Effector- muscles or glands that bring responses

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8
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Receptor detects stimuli, coordination centre sends effector to respond, bring back to optimum

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9
Q

Optimal temperature for human enzymes

A

37oc

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10
Q

Hypothalamus contains?

A

Receptors sensitive to blood temperature

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11
Q

How the body responds to being too cold?

A

Shivering–> muscles contract–> respiration increases–>generates heat
Vasoconstriction–> blood vessels narrow–> decreases flow–> less heat radiated out of blood

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12
Q

How the body responds to being too hot?

A

Sweating–> water evaporates–>energy to environment
Vasodilation–> blood vessels widen–> increases flow–> more heat radiated out of blood

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13
Q

How the body responds to blood glucose being too high?

A

Pancreas releases insulin–> glucose moves from blood to cells–> stored as glycogen–> excess stored as lipids

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14
Q

How the body responds to blood glucose being too low?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon–> glycogen converted back to glucose–> then released into blood

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15
Q

Nervous system

A

Network of neurones bundled into nerves which carry electrical impulses in reaction to stimuli

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16
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system (CNS)–> brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)–> rest of nerves in body

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17
Q

Pathway from stimulus to response?
What is it also known as?

A

Stimulus–> receptor–> sensory neuron–> relay neuron (CNS)–> motor neuron–> effector–> response
Reflex arc

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18
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles or glands that contract or secrete substances

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19
Q

Difference between a conscious action and a reflex?

A

Conscious actions go through the brain and spinal chord, reflexes go to either the spinal chord or unconscious areas of brain

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20
Q

Job for?
Sensory neurone?
Relay neurone?
Motor neurone?

A

Sensory- transfers electrical impulses from receptor to CNS
Relay- transfers electrical impulses in CNS
Motor- transfers electrical impulses from CNS to effector

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21
Q

4 key features of a neurone and 2 of their adaptation

A

Nerve endings
Nucleus
Axon- long, thin to carry electrical impulses
Myelin sheath- insulating layer which speeds up conduction of electrical impulses

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22
Q

Synapse

A

A gap where two neurones meet

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23
Q

How do synapses work?

A

The nerve signal is transferred across the synapse by chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) which diffuse across the gap. Chemicals reach receptors, trigger electrical impulse in next neurone

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24
Q

Reflex

Study These Flashcards
A

An involuntary action without conscious thought

25
2 benefits of reflexes
Helps to avoid danger/harm Automatic, very fast
26
Reflex arc in detail
Stimulus detected by receptor, impulses from receptor to sensory neurone to CNS. Chemical crosses the synapse between sensory and relay neurone, then between relay and motor. Carries impulse to effector which is a muscle or gland.
27
Factors that influence reaction time
Age, gender, fatigue, distraction, alcohol
28
Reaction times required practical
Person A places arm on table with hand over edge, gap between thumb and finger. Person B holds ruler with 0cm at person A's thumb, then drops it without telling them. Record the distance in line with Person A's thumb, repeat this 10 times, calculate a mean. Then swap people.
29
2 bodily functions that reflex actions control
Breathing and digestion
30
Structure of brain
Made up of billions of neurones with different sections for different functions
31
3 key sections of the brain and what they are responsible for
Cerebral cortex- split into 4 lobes, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language Cerebellum- responsible for coordinating muscular activity, balance Medulla- responsible for unconscious activities
32
Hypothalamus job? Pituitary job?
Regulate body temperature Produce many different chemicals
33
3 key ways to study the brain
Studying people with brain damage MRI scans Electrical stimulation of the brain
34
2 problems with brain studies
Risky, easy to damage or potential side effects Ethical concerns, is the patient capable of giving consent
35
Brain surgery Benefits and risks
-Can remove tumours Could cause brain damage Could cause infections or stroke
36
Brain implant Benefits and risks
-Hope for early stage Parkinson's disease Could cause brain damage
37
Radiotherapy or chemotherapy Benefits and risks
-Can remove tumours Can damage normal cells
38
Monoclonal antibodies Benefits and risks
-Helps destroy cancer cells Can cause red, sore and itchy skin
39
Stem cell therapies Benefits and risks
-Helps repair damaged nervous system Stem cells could be rejected
40
Sclera Function? Location?
Tough to protect and hold the eye in place Outer layer
41
Cornea Function? Location?
Refracts light as it enters the eye Transparent region of sclera at front of eye
42
Iris Function? Location?
Sets of muscles that control size of pupil, regulate light reaching retina Side of pupil
43
Lens Function? Location?
Clear disc, fine-tunes the light rays Held in place by ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments
44
Retina Function? Location?
Made up of light sensitive receptor cells, contains cone and rod cells Back of the eye
45
Optic nerve Function? Location?
Carry impulses from the retina to the brain Back of the eye, leading to the brain
46
What happens in the iris when in bright light? Result?
Circular muscles contract, radial muscles relax Pupil constrict, less light, less damage to light sensitive receptor cells
47
What happens in the iris when in dim light? Result?
Circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract Pupils dilate, more light let in
48
How is light refracted in the eye?
Refracted at cornea, refracted at lens, focused directly on retina or vision is blurry. Image is upside down but brain interprets it the right way up.
49
Accomodation
Process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
50
Distant object Rays? Suspensory ligaments? Ciliary muscles? Lens?
Parallel Tighten Relax so they have a larger diameter Flat, thin
51
Near object Rays? Suspensory ligaments? Ciliary muscles? Lens?
Diverging Loosen Contract so they have a smaller diameter Short, fat, thick
52
Hyperopia Means? Image formed? Why? Correct it with?
Long sighted, can see far away Image formed behind retina Lens too weak, eyeball too short Convex lens
53
Myopia Means? Image formed? Why? Correct it with?
Short sighted, can see close by Short of retina Lens too strong, eyeball too long Concave lens
54
Convex lens shape? Concave lens shape?
Convex- oval Concave- sand timer
55
3 new ways to overcome myopia and hyperopia
Contact lenses Laser eye surgery Replacement lens
56
Contact lenses Ads & dis
Ads- Can't be seen, easier to play sports, can last a long time or be thrown away Dis- Need to be sterile to prevent eye infections
57
Laser eye surgery Ads & dis
Ads- Can reduce thickness or change shape of cornea Dis- Only available to adults, requires surgery
58
Replacement lens surgery What is it? Ads & dis
A permanent lens on top of or replacing previous lens Ads- Permanent Dis- Can damage retina, cause infections

Biology (20 decks)

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