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B11- Hormonal coordination Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine system
Composed of?
What do they do?
Effects compared to nervous system?

A

Endocrine glands, secrete hormones into bloodstream, carried to target organ to create an effect
Slower but last longer

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2
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical released into bloodstream to travel around the body

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3
Q

How do hormones only affect certain tissues?

A

Tissues have specific shaped receptors that are complementary to the hormones

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4
Q

Pituitary gland
Found?
3 things secretes?
Known as?

A

The brain
TSH which stimulates thyroids, growth hormones, FSH which stimulates ovaries and testes
Master gland, stimulates other glands

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5
Q

Thyroid
Found?
Controls?
Secretes?

A

Throat
Metabolic rate
Hormones which regulate important aspects of body, such as weight and heart rate

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6
Q

Adrenal
Found?
Secretes? and when?
Does what?

A

Kidneys
Adrenaline in times of fear, excitement and stress
Prepares body for fight/flight

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7
Q

Pancreas
2 things secretes?
Controls?

A

Enzymes for digestion, insulin
Blood glucose

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8
Q

Ovaries
Controls?
Secretes?

A

Menstrual cycle
Oestrogen, controls development of female sexual characteristics

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9
Q

Testes
Controls?
Secretes?

A

Production of sperm
Testosterone, controls development of male sexual characteristics

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10
Q

Negative feedback loop for thyroxine if the level rises?

A

Thyroxine rises–> detected by hypothalamus–> tells pituitary gland to stop producing TSH–> thyroxine level falls–> returns to optimum

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11
Q

TSH stands for?

A

Thyroxine stimulating hormone

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12
Q

Negative feedback loop for thyroxine if the level falls?

A

Thyroxine falls–> detected by hypothalamus–> tells pituitary gland to produce more TSH–> thyroxine level rises–> returns to optimum

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13
Q

4 ways adrenaline affects the body

A

Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, increased mental awareness, glycogen turns to glucose for respiration and energy

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14
Q

3 differences between endocrine and nervous system

A

Endo- uses chemical signals, messages travel relatively slowly, goes all over the body, longer lasting effect
Nervo- uses electrical impulses, messages travel relatively quickly, goes to part of body needed only, slower lasting effect

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15
Q

Type 1 diabetes
Caused by?
% of diabetes cases w type 1?
Who?
Symptoms?

A

Immune system destroying cells that produce insulin, body doesn’t produce insulin
10%
Starts in young children/ teenagers
Going to toilet frequently, constant thirst, fatigue, losing weight

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16
Q

Type 2 diabetes
Caused by?
% of diabetes cases w type 2?
Who?
Symptoms?

A

Body cells not responding to insulin
90%
More common in older people, linked to obesity
Going to toilet frequently, constant thirst, fatigue, losing weight

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17
Q

Type 1 diabetes
Treatment?
Cure?

A

Insulin injections, carb counting, carefully planned exercise
Pancreas transplants (not enough donors and still requires medicine) More research into using stem cells

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18
Q

Type 2 diabetes
Treatment?
Cure?

A

Monitor carbs, regular exercise
Drugs or injections that help

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19
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics that people are born with (ovaries/testes)

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20
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Characteristics that develop during puberty due to an increase in reproductive hormones

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21
Q

Features of both male and female puberty

A

Growth spurt, pubic hair growth

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22
Q

Features of only male puberty and hormone?
Features of only female puberty and hormone?

A

Deeper voice, facial hair, sperm production begins, testosterone
Breasts develop, hips widen, menstrual cycle begins, oestrogen

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23
Q

Menstrual cycle
Day 1-7 is called?
What happens (2) and hormone?
*Day 7-14
What happens and hormone?

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A

Menstruation
Bleeding (a period) and egg matures in ovaries due to FSH
*Lining of uterus thickens due to oestrogen, inhibits FSH

24
Q

Menstrual cycle
Day 14 is called?
What happens (2) and hormone?
*Day 14-28
What happens and hormone?

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A

Ovulation
Mature egg is released due to LH
High chance of pregnancy
*Lining continues to thicken due to progesterone

25
FSH During what days? Produced by? Function?
Day 1-7 Pituitary gland Causes eggs to mature in ovaries, stimulates oestrogen
26
Oestrogen During what days? Produced by? Function?
Day 7-14 Ovaries Causes uterus lining to thicken, stops release of FSH, stimulates LH
27
LH During what days? Produced by? Function?
Day 14 Pituitary gland Stimulates release of egg
28
Progesterone During what days? Produced by? Function?
Day 14-28 Ovaries Maintains uterus lining, stops release of LH and FSH
29
Contraception
Preventing the egg and sperm cell meeting or a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus
30
Hormonal contraception methods
Combines pill, mini pill, implants, patch, injections
31
Oral pill (combined) What? Ad? Dis?
Contains oestrogen and progesterone, prevents egg release Very effective, easy to use Must remember to take daily, has side effects
32
Oral pill (mini) What? Ad? Dis?
Contains progesterone, no egg release Very effective, fewer side effects than combined pill Must remember to take frequently, side effects
33
Implant What? Ad? Dis?
Implant under skin that slowly releases progesterone Lasts few years, very effective Side effects
34
Patch What? Ad? Dis?
Stuck to skin, releases progesterone and oestrogen into blood Replace once a week Side effects, skin irritation
35
Injections What? Ad? Dis?
Progesterone injected into the arm Effective Only last few months, side effects
36
Spermicides What? Ad? Dis?
Gel put in vagina before sex, kills sperm Readily available Unreliable
37
Barriers (condoms, diaphragms) What? Ad? Dis?
Prevents sperm meeting egg, placed over penis or cervix No side effects, some protection from STDs Can be damaged or let sperm through
38
Intrauterine device (coil) What? Ad? Dis?
Structure inserted into uterus, release progesterone or prevent embryo implanting Lasts few years, very effective Infection, period problems
39
Abstinence What? Ad? Dis?
Avoiding intercourse, especially around ovulation No side effects Very unreliable
40
Surgeries What? Ad? Dis?
Vasectomy, cut and tie sperm ducts; cut and tie oviducts Effective, permanent Women need general anaesthetic
41
Reasons for infertility Male? Female? General?
Lack of sperm in semen Sperm not functioning correctly *Lack of hormones resulting in no ovulation *Damaged oviducts -Age, eating disorders
42
Fertility drugs What form? What does it contain? What does that do?
Hormonal injections FSH and LH Triggers eggs in the ovaries to mature, then triggers ovulation
43
IVF Stands for? 4 steps?
In vitro fertilisation 1. Give mother FSH, stimulate egg to mature, then LH to stimulate ovulation 2. Collect eggs from ovaries 3. Fertilise them with sperm in lab or inject sperm cell directly, will undergo mitosis to form embryos 4. Once developed, one or two are implanted into uterus
44
How has modern technology helped IVF?
Microscopy allowed high magnification to work on single cells
45
3 advantages and disadvantages of IVF
Ads- Allows infertile people to have their own baby; eggs can be frozen and stored for later in life; genetic screening can take place before implanting Dis- Expensive; not always successful; increased chance of a multiple pregnancy, increases risk
46
Def? Tropisms Phototropism Gravitropism/ geotropism
-Growth of plant roots and shoots in response to light and gravity -Growth of a plant in response to light -Growth of a plant in response to gravity
47
What controls plant growth? Produced where? Effect on growth in the shoots and roots?
Uneven distribution of auxin Tip of the roots & shoots Shoots= promotes growth Roots= inhibits growth
48
Def and example for Positive phototropism? Negative phototropism?
Towards light e.g shoots Away from light e.g roots
49
Def and example for Positive gravitropism? Negative gravitropism?
In the direction of gravity e.g roots Against gravity e.g shoots
50
In the roots, which side will grow faster? In the shoots, which side will grow faster?
Side with less auxin Side with more auxin
51
Investigating the growth of plants practical
Place 8 seeds in water-soaked cotton wool in a petri dish, repeat 2 more times. Place one petri dish in full sunlight, one in partial sunlight and one in complete darkness. Allow the seeds to germinate and make sure each dish has the same number of seeds. Measure the height of the seeds every day for a week.
52
What 2 sectors can plant hormones be used for?
Horticulture and agriculture
53
Uses of auxins?
-Rooting powder to encourage growth of clones -Weed killers, causes cells to grow too quickly and die -In tissue cultures to help growth
54
Uses of gibberellins?
-Brewing industry to end seed dormancy, and speed up germination of barley -Promote flowering throughout year -Increase the size of fruit
55
Uses of ethene?
-Control the ripening of fruit during transport and storage

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