B5- Communicable diseases

Question 1

3 factors that affect health

Answer 1

Diet
Stress
Lifestyle situations e.g where you live

Question 2

Communicable disease definition

Answer 2

A disease that can be passed from one person to another

Question 3

Non-communicable disease definition

Answer 3

A disease that cannot be passed from one person to another

Question 4

Pathogen definition and examples

Answer 4

Microorganisms that can cause disease
Bacteria, fungi, virus

Question 5

Bacteria
Type of cell?
How do replicate?
Why are they bad?
Size compared to viruses?

Answer 5

Prokaryotic
Binary fission, splitting in two
Produce toxins that cause damage to tissue and cause symptoms
Bigger

Question 6

Viruses
Type of cell?
How do replicate?
Why are they bad?
Size compared to bacteria?

Answer 6

Not a cell
Use host’s DNA inside of cell
Damages the hosts cell
Smaller

Question 7

3 ways disease spread and examples of how they spread in humans

Answer 7

Air- coughing, sneezing, breathing in droplets
Water- drinking dirty water, uncooked food
Contact- skin and sexual contact, dirty needles

Question 8

3 ways disease spread and examples of how they spread in plants

Answer 8

Air- fungal spores by the wind
Water- fungal spores carried by splashes of water
Contact- small piece of infected plant can infect field of crops by soil

Question 9

2 bacterial diseases

Answer 9

Gonorrhoea, salmonella

Question 10

3 viral diseases

Answer 10

Measles, HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 11

1 Fungal disease

Answer 11

Rose black spot

Question 12

1 Protist disease

Answer 12

Malaria

Question 13

Measles
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 13

Virus
Inhalation of droplets, sneezes and coughs
Fever, red rash
Vaccinate children

Question 14

HIV/AIDS
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 14

Virus
Sexual contact, bodily fluids
Flu like disease, attacks immune cells
Antiretroviral drugs

Question 15

Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 15

Virus
Direct contact
Mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
Remove infected plants

Question 16

Salmonella
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 16

Bacteria
Uncooked food, unhygienic conditions
Fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting
Poultry vaccinated

Question 17

Gonorrhoea
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 17

Bacteria
Sexual contact
Yellow/green discharge from sexual organs
Antibiotics

Question 18

Rose Black Spot
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 18

Fungus
Water or wind
Black spot on leaves, turn yellow and drop
Fungicides

Question 19

Malaria
Type of disease?
Spread?
Symptoms?
Management?

Answer 19

Protist
Female mosquito bites
Recurrent episodes of fever
Prevent mosquito from breeding, nets

Question 20

4 methods to prevent spread of diseases

Answer 20

Hygiene e.g washing hands are toilet, before cooking; isolating infected; destroying vectors; vaccination

Question 21

What type of genetic material do viruses have? What to protect it?

Answer 21

DNA/RNA
Protein coat (capsid)

Question 22

Agrobacterium tumefaciens cause what?

Answer 22

Crown galls- mass of unspecialised cells that grow between root and shoot of plant

Question 23

How do humans prevent infection?

Answer 23

Tears with enzymes to kill bacteria
Stomach- hydrochloric acid, kills bacteria in food& swallowed mucus
Trachea- goblet cells produce sticky mucus, traps bacteria

Question 24

How do white blood cells treat infection?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis- phagocytes engulf, digest and destroy pathogens
Lymphocytes- produce complementary antibodies and antitoxins

Question 25

Causes of disease in plants

Answer 25

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, mineral deficiencies, insect pests

Question 26

2 mineral deficiencies What they are needed for and what they can cause

Answer 26

Nitrates For amino acids production, protein synthesis, stunted growth Magnesium For chlorophyll, causes chlorosis, leaves yellow, stunted growth

Question 27

Physical plant barriers

Answer 27

Cell walls, tough waxy cuticle on leaves, dead cells around stems can fall off

Question 28

Chemical plant barriers

Answer 28

Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores

Question 29

Mechanical plant barriers

Answer 29

Thorns and hairs deter animals, leaves curl when touched

Question 30

Culture

Answer 30

To grow in very large numbers so scientists can see all the bacteria as a whole

Question 31

Exponential growth

Answer 31

The rate of increase getting larger each time

Question 32

Aspetic technique

Answer 32

Procedures to ensure there is no contamination

Question 33

Culture medium

Answer 33

A liquid or gel with the nutrients that bacteria need

Question 34

How to calculate rate of bacteria division

Answer 34

1. Convert units to minutes 2. Calculate no. of divisions 3. Bacteria at beginning x 2 to power of no of divisions

Question 35

Zone of inhibition

Answer 35

πr²

Question 36

4 things bacteria need to survive

Answer 36

Suitable pH Suitable temperature Nutrients Oxygen

Question 37

How to prepare uncontaminated bacteria culture

Answer 37

1. Sterilise petri dish, agar gel, spray bench 2. Pass inoculating loop through bunsen burner 3. Dip loop in bacteria and spread on agar gel 4. Lid, tape, upside down at 25 degrees for school

Question 38

How to test the effect of antibiotics

Answer 38

1. Soak filter paper disks in antibiotic solutions 2.Place filter paper discs on sterilised petri dish with bacteria on it 3.Incubate at 25 degrees 4.Calculate zone of inhibition, largest is best

Question 39

4 ways to prevent bacterial growth

Answer 39

Increase/decrease temp Use disinfectant- in the environment around us Use antiseptic- on human skin Use antibiotics- inside our bodies

Question 40

What did Ignaz Semmelweis do?

Answer 40

-insisted his students wash their hands before delivering babies

Question 41

What did Louis Pasteur do?

Answer 41

Showed microorganisms caused disease and developed vaccines (Remember: past=showed caused disease)

Question 42

What did Joseph Lister do?

Answer 42

Showed antiseptic chemicals destroy pathogens (Remember: list=listed chemicals)

Question 43

3 ways to identify plant diseases

Answer 43

Refer to gardening manual Take infected to a lab Use monoclonal antibody testing kits

Question 44

2 insect pests and what they cause

Answer 44

Aphids- feed on phloem sap, deprive plant of glucose, act as vectors Nematode worms- feed on roots, plants can't get water