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Biology > B11- Endocrine System > Flashcards

B11- Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals that are in the blood stream made by glands, which are carried by the blood to its target organ where it would produce an effect triggering a response.

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2
Q

Are hormones fast or slow?

A

They give fast responses but have a slower affect but can last longer.

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3
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Controls the growth of children.
Stimulate the thyroid gland
Stimulates the ovaries to produce and release eggs
Stimulates the testes to make sperm

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4
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

Controls the metabolic rate of the body

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5
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Controls the level of glucose in the blood

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6
Q

What does the adrenal do?

A

Prepares the body for stressful situations

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7
Q

What does the ovaries do?

A

Controls the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics

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8
Q

What does the testes do?

A

Controls the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics.

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9
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of?

A

It consists of a number of glands that secrete hormones that affect the the coordination and control of our bodies.

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10
Q

What is the master gland?

A

The pituitary gland as some of the ADH it produces can directly affect the body, like controlling the amount of urine produced by the kidneys and making other glands give out their hormones.

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11
Q

How does your blood glucose levels range?

A

It would be very high after a meal to very low several hours later and is prevented to go to high or low due tl the pancreas which monitors and controls the blood glucose using insulin and glycogen.

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12
Q

Why does the pancreas produce glycogen?

A

Glycogen gets converted back to glucose to raise the glucose levels in the blood.

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13
Q

Why is insulin released?

A

When the blood glucose levels are too high insulin converts the glucose to glycogen or taken in by the cells,

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14
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas does not make enough insulin so the blood glucose is not controlled.
Kidneys excrete glucose in urine so would produce a lot of urine.
Break down fat and protein more so would be lighter.

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15
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Linked to obesity and lack of exercise

Pancreas still makes insulin but less than your body needs, cells stops responding to insulin you make

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16
Q

How do you treat type 1 diabetes?

A

Inject insulin into your blood before meals to keep blood glucose stable.
Eat healthily and exercise well.

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17
Q

How do you cure type 1 diabetes?

A

Transplant a pancreas even though the operation is difficult and risky

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18
Q

How do you treat type 2 diabetes?

A 
Have a balanced diet
Lose weight
Regular exercise 
Drugs that help insulin work better
Reduce the amount of glucose eaten
Inject insulin
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19
Q

What are the steps in the menestral cycle?

A 
In day 0-5 the old egg leaves the body in a menestral flow.
Day 0-10 maturing new egg in ovary.
Day 10-15 new egg is released
Day 15-20 new egg travels to the womb  
Day 20-28 new egg in womb
20
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates the maturing egg

21
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Stops FSH and starts LH

Maintains the uterus lining

22
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stops oestrogen
Starts progesterone
Stimulates the release of the egg

23
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Increases lining of the womb

Stops LH

24
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Hormone produced by the testes which creates change through growth spurts, pubic hair, underarm hair, facial hair, testes grow and produces sperm

25
Q

What is fertility treatment?

A

Some women do not produce enough FSH to mature the egg in the ovary. Artificial LH can trigger ovulation and may be able tl have a child.

26
Q

What is IVF?

A

The eggs are stimulated by FSH and matured by LH and then collected from the ovaries and fertilise with sperm. These then develop into embryos and then inserted into the woman’s uterus.

27
Q

Disadvantages of IVF?

A 
Expensive
Not always successful 
Emotionally and physically stressful
Multiple births increases the risk for both mother and child
Parent may not want a child.
28
Q

Advantages of IVF?

A

Naturally give birth

Can be stored for later use

29
Q

What does oral contraceptives do?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone which release FSH and affect the ovaries so no egg matures stopping the pregnancies. The mucus in the cervix is also thick to prevent sperm getting through. Side effects are raised BP and breast cancer.

30
Q

What are implants?

A

Contraceptive implant can last for three years and is inserted under your skin and slowly releases progesterone.

31
Q

What is contraceptive patch?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone and it’s put on your skin and the hormones are absorbed into your bloodstream.

32
Q

What is chemical contraception?

A

Chemicals that can kill and disable sperm

33
Q

What is a condom?

A

A latex sheath laid over the penis to prevent sperm meeting the egg. Protects against STDs.

34
Q

Diaphragm

A

Placed over the cervix to prevent entry of sperm. Must be fitted by doctor.

35
Q

Intanterine devices

A

Small structures inserted into the uterus by a doctor. Contain copper and prevent early embryos and implanting in the lining of your uterus.

36
Q

Abstinence

A

abstaining from intercourse around ovulation when an egg is in the oviduct mean sperm cannot fertilise the egg

37
Q

Surgical methods

A

Men can have the spam ducts cut and tied preventing sperm getting into the semen.
Women can have the oviducts cut or tied to prevent the egg reaching the uterus.

38
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Controls the basal metabolic rate of your body.

39
Q

What does adrenaline causes.

A

Heart rate and breathing rate increase

Peoples of your eyes to dilate.

Mental awareness increases

Blood diverted away from the digestive system and to the muscles in your limbs.
Increases oxygen and glucose in your brain and muscles for fight or flight.

40
Q

What is phototropism.

A

Response of a plant to light.

41
Q

What is gravitropism

A

Response of a plant to gravity.

42
Q

What is auxin?

A

Auxin moves from the light inside of the shoot to the unlit side. The cells respond to auxin by growing more that side and then bend towards the lights.

43
Q

How can auxin be used?

A

Can be used as weed killer as it sends plants into rapid uncontrolled growth and therefore killing them.
Auxin can be used as modern plant tissue cultures as plant cloning processes they stimulate growth in the tissues producing identical plants.

44
Q

How can gibberellins being used?

A

Speed up germination.
Flower throughout the year
Increased the size of fruit

45
Q

How can ethene be used?

A

ripened fruit is picked and then treated with ethene and warm temperatures so the fruit can ripen rapidly to the perfect stage for sale.

Biology (13 decks)

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