B11: Hormonal Coordination

Question 1

what is the second coordination and control system in our body

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

what is the endocrine system made up of

Answer 2

glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Question 3

where does the blood carry hormones in the endocrine system

Answer 3

the target organs, where is produces an effect.

Question 4

what do target organs have to pick up on the hormones?

Answer 4

receptors on cell membranes that trigger the response.

Question 5

give 2 examples of hormones with rapid responses

Answer 5

-insulin
-adrenaline

Question 6

give two examples of hormones that are slow acting

Answer 6

-growth hormones
-sex hormones

Question 7

what are most endocrine glands controlled by

Answer 7

pituitary gland in the brain

Question 8

what does ADH affect?

Answer 8

the amount of urine produced in the kidney

Question 9

what does FSH do?

Answer 9

stimulate the ovaries to make the female sex hormone oestrogen.

Question 10

What does TSH do?

Answer 10

stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine, a hormone that helps control the rate of your metabolism

Question 11

6 endocrine glands:

Answer 11

-pituitary
-thyroid
-pancreas
-adrenal
-ovaries
-testes

Question 12

what do pituitary glands control

Answer 12

-children’s growth
-production of thyroxine
-FSH
-male production of sperm and testosterone.

Question 13

what does the pancreas gland control

Answer 13

levels of glucose in the blood.

Question 14

what is the hormone controlling blood sugar that the pancreas uses

Answer 14

insulin

Question 15

what does insulin do

Answer 15

allows glucose to move from the blood into your cells, where it is used.

Question 16

what can soluble glucose be converted into

Answer 16

insoluble glycogen

Question 17

how does glycogen help the body

Answer 17

keeps a stable blood sugar, can be converted back into glucose when needed.

Question 18

what is excess glucose stored as

Answer 18

lipids (fat)

Question 19

what is produced when your blood sugar is low

Answer 19

glucagon

Question 20

what does glucagon do

Answer 20

makes the liver break down glycogen and convert it into glucose

Question 21

name for the switching between two hormones

Answer 21

negative feedback control

Question 22

what is type one diabetes caused by

Answer 22

not enough insulin produced, blood glucose too high

Question 23

why is type 2 diabetes developed

Answer 23

your body stops responding to the insulin you make, also less produced

Question 24

how can we TREAT type ONE diabetes

Answer 24

-insulin injections before meals

Question 25

how can we TREAT type ONE diabetes long term

Answer 25

-transplanted pancreas (risky, not enough donors, need medicine) -transplanted pancreatic cells (limited success)

Question 26

what is the easier way of treating type 2 diabetes

Answer 26

-healthy diet -losing weight -regular exercise

Question 27

what is the harder way of treating type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

using drugs that help the effectiveness of insulin and pancreas. also reduce glucose absorbed from gut.

Question 28

what is the final resort for a type 2 diabetic

Answer 28

insulin injections

Question 29

put simply, negative feedback systems work to maintain a _____ _______

Answer 29

steady state

Question 30

if there are low levels of thyroxine in the blood, what happens

Answer 30

amount of TSH increases, which stimulates production of more thyroxine.

Question 31

what is the one hormone that does not involve a negative feedback loop.

Answer 31

adrenaline

Question 32

what are primary sex characteristics

Answer 32

the ones you are born with

Question 33

main female reproductive hormone

Answer 33

oestrogen

Question 34

how long is the menstrual cycle (average)

Answer 34

28 days

Question 35

What is FSH's role during the menstrual cycle

Answer 35

causes the eggs in the ovary to mature

Question 36

what does LH (luteinising hormone) do?

Answer 36

stimulates the release of the egg at ovulation

Question 37

which two hormones stimulate the build-up and maintenance of the uterus lining?

Answer 37

oestrogen and progesterone

Question 38

main male reproductive hormone

Answer 38

testosterone

Question 39

what does the uterus lining do at the beginning of the menstrual cycle

Answer 39

thickens

Question 40

when is progesterone secreted

Answer 40

by the empty egg follicle in the ovary after ovulation

Question 41

as oestrogen levels rise, what happens to levels of FSH? (and vice versa)

Answer 41

they fall

Question 42

what is in the contraceptive pill?

Answer 42

low doses of oestrogen which prevents the release of FSH and therefore no egg is matured. also stop lining building up thick mucus to stop sperm getting through

Question 43

side effects of the pill

Answer 43

-raised blood pressure -thrombosis -breast cancer

Question 44

what is a contraceptive implant

Answer 44

a tiny tube inserted under your skin and slowly releases progesterone

Question 45

how long can a contraceptive implant last

Answer 45

3 years

Question 46

contraceptive patch

Answer 46

contains a mixture of oestrogen and progesterone. sticks to your skin for a week, hormones absorbed by bloodsteam.

Question 47

what is a chemical way to prevent pregnancy

Answer 47

spermicides (not that effective)

Question 48

barrier methods:

Answer 48

condom, diaphragm

Question 49

what are intrauterine devices

Answer 49

small structures inserted into the uterus. last 3-5 years. some prevent early embryos. some have progesterone.

Question 50

what is the downside to intrauterine devices

Answer 50

may cause period problems or infections

Question 51

abstinence

Answer 51

don't have sex = don't get pregnant some follow their cycle closely and don't have sex near ovulation

Question 52

surgical methods of contraception

Answer 52

surgically sterilised e.g. vasectomy in men. women need general anaesthetic

Question 53

common causes of infertility

Answer 53

eating disorders, age, obesity

Question 54

treatment of infertility due to lack of FSH

Answer 54

artificial FSH stimulates oestrogen

Question 55

treatment for infertility due to no LH

Answer 55

artificial LH can stimulate ovulation

Question 56

IVF, when is it used

Answer 56

if the oviducts have been damaged or blocked by infection, donor egg must be used, no obvious cause.

Question 57

IVF process

Answer 57

-give mother synthetic FSH to stimulate egg production. -give synthetic LH to make the woman ovulate. -collect eggs and fertilise them with sperm. -eggs are kept in warm environment until they become embryos. -one or two are inserted back into the uterus

Question 58

bad things about IVF:

Answer 58

-expensive -not always successful -health risks, emotionally and physically stressful -increase chance of multiple pregnancy, stillbirths ect. -ethical issues with wasted embryos

Question 59

the response of a plant to light

Answer 59

phototropoism

Question 60

the response of a plant to gravity

Answer 60

gravitropism or geotropism

Question 61

the plant hormones that controls response towards light and gravity

Answer 61

auxin

Question 62

why do plants always grow the right way

Answer 62

uneven distribution of auxin causes unequal growth rate. plant bends in right direction.

Question 63

auxins affect on roots and shoot cells

Answer 63

high levels mean shoots grow and roots dont low levels mean roots grow and shoots dont

Question 64

the plant hormones that initiates seed germination

Answer 64

gibberellins

Question 65

plant hormone that controls cell division

Answer 65

ethene gas

Question 66

how do people use plant hormones

Answer 66

grow plants more successfully

Question 67

how do we use auxin

Answer 67

-dipping cuttings in rooting powder, which stimulates the plant growth. -weed killers -modern plant tissue cultures (plant cloning)

Question 68

how do we use gibberellins

Answer 68

-brewing, speeds up germination of barley -promote flowering -increase fruit size

Question 69

using ethene

Answer 69

control ripening of fruit