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Biology P2 > B11 - Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A
  • System composed of glands which secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
  • Blood carries hormone to a target organ where it produces and effect
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2
Q

How does the hormonal system compare to the nervous system?

A

Hormonal system - effects are slower but act for longer, also involves blood rather tha neurones

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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

A master gland which secretes several hormones into the blood

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4
Q

Why is the pituitary gland known as a master gland?

A

Releases hormones that stimulate other hormones to be released from other glands

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5
Q

What is blood glucose concentration monitored + controlled by?

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

What happens if blood glucose concentration is too high?

A
  • Pancreas produces insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells
  • In liver + muscle cells excess glucose converted into glycogen for storage
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7
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too low?

A
  • Pancreas produces hormone glucagon
  • Causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into blood
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8
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes?

A
  • A disorder in which the pancreas fails to make enough insulin
  • Causes uncontrolled high blood glucose levels
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9
Q

How is Type 1 diabetes treated?

A

Insulin injections

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10
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

Disorder in which body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

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11
Q

How is Type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Carbohydate controlled diet and exercise regime

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12
Q

What is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity

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13
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

Reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop

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14
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

The main female reproductive hormone produced in the ovary

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15
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Egg begins to mature and one is released

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16
Q

What is testosterone?

A
  • The main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes
  • Stimulates sperm production
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17
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Causes maturation of an egg in the ovary

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18
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Stimulates the release of the egg

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19
Q

What is the role of oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Maintain the uterus lining

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20
Q

What are the interactions of FSH and oestrogen, LH and progesterone in the control of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • FSH stimulates oestrogen production
  • Oestrogen inhibits FSH and triggers LH release, leading to ovulation
  • LH stimulates progesterone production
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21
Q

How can fertility be controlled?

A
  • Variety of hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraception
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22
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A

Contain hormones to inhibit FSH production so that no eggs mature

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23
Q

How does the injection, implant or skin patch work?

A

Release progesterone to inhibit maturation and release of eggs for a number of months or years

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24
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hormonal methods on contraception?(2A and 3D)

A

Advantages:Oral contraceptives are more than 99% effective if taken correctly and can reduce the risk of certain cancers
Disadvantages:changes in weight, mood and blood pressure due to high levels of oestrogen

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25
How do barrier methods work?
Prevent the sperm meeting the egg
26
How do intrauterine devices work?
Prevent implantation of an embryo or the release of a hormone
27
How does spermicidal agents work?
Kill or disable sperm
28
What are the advantages and disadvantages of non-hormonal methods on contraception?(1A and 4D)
Advantages:Easy and quick to use Disadvantages:allergic reactions to spermicidal agents, surgical methods as permanent, timings have to be right for abstaining, condoms can rip
29
What is the use of hormones in modern reproductive technologies to treat infertility?
- Fertility drugs contain FSH and LH which stimulate eggs to mature in the ovaries - Increases the woman's chance of being pregnant - Increases the chance of twins or triplets
30
What is IVF?
- Giving a mother FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of several eggs - Eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised by sperm from the father in the laboratory - Fertilised eggs develop into embryos - Stage when they are tiny balls of cells, one or two embryos are inserted into the mother's uterus
31
What are the 3 advantages of IVF?
- Allows people to have babies of their own who otherwise can't - Unaffected embryos used - Unused eggs used for research or donated to other couples
32
What are the 3 disadvantages of IVF?
- Very emotionally and physically stressful - Success rates are not high - Lead to multiple births which are a risk to baby and mother
33
What are plants able to respond to?(HT)
Light and gravity
34
What is a plants response to light known as?
Phototropism
35
What are the two main types of tropisms?
Positive - grows towards stimulus Negative - grows away from stimulus
36
What is the response to light in plant stem known as?
Positive phototropism
37
What is the response to light in plant roots known as?
Negative phototropism
38
What is auxin?
- Plant hormone - Made in the tips of the growing stems and roots - meristems - Can diffuse to other parts of the stems or toots
39
What does auxin do?
Controls the growth of plants by - promoting cell devision - causing elongation in plant cells
40
How do stems respond to high concentrations of auxin?
Cells grow more
41
How do roots respond to high concetrations of auxin?
Cells grow less
42
What is a plants response to gravity known as?
Gravitropism or geotropism
43
What is phototropism caused by?
Unequal distribution of auxin
44
What do gibberellins do?
Initiate seed germination
45
What does ethene do?
Control cell division and ripen fruit
46
RP8 - Effect of light on the growth of newly getminated seedlings
1. Set up 3 petri dishes with damp cotton wool at the bottom 2. Add 10 seeds to each petri dish 3. Place the petri dishes in a warm place and allow to germinate. Water equal amounts if they get dry 4. Once the seeds have germinated make sure the number of seeds on each plate is the same 5. Place dishes in position. One on windowsill, one in cupboard and one in partial light 6. Measure the height of the seedlings each day for 7 days calcualting a daily average for each location
47
RP8 - Control variables?
- Amount of seedlings watered - Frequency seedlings are measured - Type of seed used - Number of seedlings in petri dish - Kept in same temperature
48
RP8 - What is the dependent variable when investigating the growth of seedlings?
- Height of seedling
49
RP8 - How could you grow seedlings in one directional light?
Put them in a box with one side cut out
50
RP8 - if you were investigating one directional light and the effect it has on growth, what could you compare this with?
- Plants grown in darkness or plants grown in light from all sides
51
What are auxins are used for?
- Weed killers - Rooting powders - Promoting growth in tissue culture
52
What are gibberellins used for?
- End seed dormancy - Promote flowering - Increase fruit size
53
What is the role of thyroxine in the body?(3)
- Produced by thyroid gland - Stimulates the basal metabolic rate - Plays an important role in growth and development
54
What does thyroxine control?
Speed at which oxygen and food products react to release energy for the body to use
55
How does negative feedback work for thyroxine levels?
- Low thyroxine levels in the bloodstream stimulate the hypothalamus to release TRH and this causes the pituitary to release TSH so the thyroid releases more thyroxine. So blood levels return to normal - Normal thyroxine levels in the bloodstream inhibit TRH release from the hypothalamus and this inhibits the release of TSH from the pituitary, so normal blood levels are maintained.
56
What is the role of adrenaline in the body?(3)
- Produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear or stress - Increases the heart rate and boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles - Prepares the body for 'fight or flight'
57
What happens when blood sugar rises in the blood?
- Insulin sends a signal to the liver, muscles and other cells to store the excess glucose - Some glucose is stored as body fat and other as glycogen in liver and muscles
58
What happens if blood glucose level is too low?
- Liver receives a message to release some of that stored glucose into the blood - Change is brought about by a hormone called glucagon produced by the pancreas
59
If there is low glucose what is the effect on pancreas?
Insulin is not secreted into the blood
60
If there is high glucose what is the effect on the pancreas?
Insulin secreted into the blood
61
If there is low glucose what is the effect on the liver?
Does not convert glucose into glycogen
62
If there is high glucose what is the effect on liver?
Converts glucose into glycogen
63
What are plant growth hormones used in?
Agriculture and horticulture
64
What are auxins used for?
Weed killers, rooting powders, promoting growth in tissue culture
65
What is ethene used for in the food industry?
To control ripening of fruit during storage and transport
66
What are gibberellins used for?
End seed dormancy, promote flowering, increase fruit size

Biology P2 (9 decks)

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