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Biology P2 > B13 - Reproduction > Flashcards

B13 - Reproduction Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What does meiosis lead to?

A

Non-identical cells being formed

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2
Q

What does mitosis lead to?

A

Identical cells being formed

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3
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

The joining(fusion) of male and female gametes

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4
Q

What is fused during sexual reproduction in animals?

A

Sperm and egg cells

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5
Q

What is fused during sexual reproduction in flowering plants?

A

Pollen and egg cells

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6
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A
  • Mixing of genetic information which leads to variety in the offspring
  • Formation of gametes involves meiosis
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7
Q

What does asexual reproduction involve?

A
  • Only one parent and no fusion of gametes
  • No mixing of genetic information
  • leads to genetically identical offspring(clones)
  • formation of gametes involves mitosis
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8
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

Halves the number of chromosomes in gametes and fertilisation restores the full number of chromosomes

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9
Q

How do cells in reproductive organs divide?

A

Divide by meiosis to form gametes

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10
Q

What happens when a cell divides to form gametes?(3)

A
  • Copies of the genetic information are made
  • Cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes
  • All gametes are genetically different from each other
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11
Q

Why do gametes join at fertilisation?

A
  1. To restore the normal number of chromosomes
  2. new cell divides by mitosis
  3. increasing the number of cells
  4. as the embryo develops cells differentiate
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12
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction(3)?

A
  1. Produces variation in the offspring
  2. If the environment changes variation gives a survival advantage by natural selection
  3. Natural selection can be speeded up by humans in selective breeding to increase food production
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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction(4)?

A
  1. A long process
  2. Mate is required
  3. Very time and energy costly process
  4. Number of offspring produced is limited/fewer during its lifetime
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14
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction(4)?

A
  1. Only one parent needed
  2. More time and energy efficient as they do not need to find a mate
  3. Faster than sexual reproduction
  4. Many identical offspring can be produced
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15
Q

How do malarial parasites reproduce?

A

Asexually in the human host, sexually in the mosquito

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16
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Asexually by spores, sexually to give variation

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17
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A
  • Seeds sexually
  • asexually by runners such as strawberry plants
  • bulb division like daffodils
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18
Q

What is the structure of DNA? Where is it found?

A
  • A polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix
  • Contained in structures called chromosomes
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19
Q

What is the genome?

A
  • The entire genetic material of that organism
  • The whole human genome has now been studied which will have great importance for medicine in the future
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20
Q

What is a gene?

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A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome
- Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

21
Q

What does the human genome enable us to do?

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A
  • search for genes linked to different types of disease
  • understand inherited disorders and their treatment
  • trace human migration patterns from the past
22
Q

What is the DNA as a polymer?

Study These Flashcards
A

Polymer made from four different nucleotides

23
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

Study These Flashcards
A

A common sugar and phosphate group with one of four different bases attached to the sugar

24
Q

What are these bases?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • DNA contains four: A, C, G, T
  • A sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid
  • Order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled for a particular protein
25
What are complementary base pairs?
A-T G-C
26
What do the long strands of DNA consist of?
- Alternating sugar and phosphate sections - Attached to each sugar is one of the four bases - DNA polymer is made up of repeating nucleotide units
27
What is the process of protein synthesis?
1. DNA code for protein remains in nucleus, a copy called mRNA moves from nucleus to ribosomes 2. Copy moves to the ribosome into the cytoplasm 3. Amino acids are connected in a specific order at the ribosome to create a specific protein molecule 4. Amino acids joined together in a sequence to create a specific protein molecule
28
How are proteins synthesised?
- On ribosomes according to a template - Carrier molecules bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protien chain in the correct order
29
What happens when the protein chain is complete?
- Once the protein chain is complete it folds up to form a unique shape - Unique shape enables the proteins to do their job as enzymes, hormones or forming structures in the body like collagen
30
What do most mutations do?
- Occur continuously - Most do not alter the protein or only altered slightlight so appearance or function is not changed
31
What do a few mutations do?
- A few mutations code for an altered protein with a different shape - Enzyme may no longer fit the substrate binding site or a structural protein may lose its strength
32
What do non-coding parts of DNA do?
- Can switch genes on and off - Variations in these areas of DNA may affect how genes are expressed
33
What is a gamete?
A sex cell, in humans: sperm and eggs
34
What is a chromosome?
- Contained inside the cell's nucleus - Long threads of DNA which are made up of many genes
35
What is a gene?
- A small section of DNA on a chromosome which code for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein
36
What is an allele?
Different versions of the same gene
37
What is a dominant allele?
- Allele that is always expressed, even if one copy is present
38
What is a recessive allele?
- Allele that is only expressed if there are two copies expressed and does not have the dominant allele of that gene
39
What does homozygous mean?
- Alleles which are both identical for the same characteristic(e.g AA or aa)
40
What does heterozygous mean?
- Alleles which are both different for the same characteristic(e.g Aa)
41
What is a genotype?
- The collection of alleles that determine characteristic and can be expressed as a phenotype
42
What is a phenotype?
- The characteristic that presents because of the genotype
43
What are most characteristics a result of?
- Multiple genes interacting, rather than a single gene
44
What is polydactyly?
- A disorder that causes extra fingers or toes - Caused by a dominant allele
45
What is cystic fibrosis?
- A disorder of the cell membranes that is caused by a recessive allele
46
How many chromosomes does a normal body cell have?
23 pairs of chromosomes(46 in total)
47
What sex is someone if they have XX chromosomes?
Female
48
What sex is someone if they have XY chromosomes?
Male
49
Evaluate the use of embryo screening
ADVANTAGES - Find out if the child will have a genetic disorder - plan and make decisions - Reassurance for parents DISADVANTAGES - Procedure for genetic testing has a risk which can cause miscarriage - Risk of infection - Procedure can be expensive - Can lead to false positive/negative results - Ethical - some may choose to abort the pregnancy

Biology P2 (9 decks)

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