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biology > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of a living organism

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together. For example, muscular tissue contracts to bring about movement.

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues working together to perform a specific function, For example, the Stomach contains glandular, muscular and epithelial tissues

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a specific function. For example, the digestive system contains organs, such as the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine.

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5
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions

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6
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Enzymes are specific, the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site.

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7
Q

What enzyme are proteins broken down by?

A

Proteases, These are found in the stomach, the pancreas and the small intestine

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8
Q

what does a double pump mean in the heart

A

-the heart works as a double pump system for two circulatory systems;the pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.
-blood passes through the heart twice per circuit

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9
Q

What is the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction?

A

-As we increase the temperature, the activity of enzyme increases
-However, if we pass the optimum temperature, the rate of reaction decreases to zero

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10
Q

How are arteries adapted to their functions?

A

-Thick muscular walls,this allows them to withstand the very high pressure of blood
-elastic
-thin lumen

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11
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

-Capillaries have very thin walls so the diffusion path is very short
-This allows substances to diffuse rapidly between the blood and body cells

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12
Q

How are veins adapted to their function?

A

-Veins have a thin wall. The blood pressure is low so does not need to be thick
-Veins contain valves to stop blood flowing backwards
-wider diameter then arteries
-large lumen

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13
Q

What does it mean for an enzyme to denature?

A

Where the substrate no longer fits perfectly into the active site
This can happen due to too high temperatures

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14
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

-a tumor contained in one location,usually in cell membrane
-not cancerous and do not invade other parts of the body
-can grow very largely may cause damage to other organs

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15
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

-cancerous
-tumor that can be spread via blood
-can invade other tissues
-cells divide more rapidly and have longer lifespan
-disrupts healthy tissue and could lead to death

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16
Q

what is cancer

A

development of a tumor due to uncontrolled cell division

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17
Q

how does smoking and alcohol affect pregnancy

A

-carbon monoxide from smoking effects the amount of oxygen the baby gets
-alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the foetus

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18
Q

how does smoking effect the development of lung cancer and lung disease

A

-tar in tobacco can damage alveoli in lungs
-tar damages the cells which line the lungs

19
Q

how does alcohol damage the brain and liver

A

-exessive long term use of alcohol can lead to scarring of liver tissue
-increases risk of liver cancer
-damages brain tissue and nerve cells

20
Q

how does the double circulatory system work

A

-one pathway carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place(PULMONARY)
-one pathway carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues (SYSTEMIC)

21
Q

where does blood pumped by the right ventricle and the left ventricle go

A

right ventricle - the lungs
left ventricle - body tissues

22
Q

what is the top 2 chambers of the heart called

A

atrium

23
Q

what are the bottom 2 chambers of the heart called

A

ventricles

24
Q

where is the vena cava and what is its purpose

A

located on the top left of the heart and brings in deoxygenated blood from the body

25
Q

where is the pulmonary artery and whats its purpose

A

top middle left of the heart
-the blood passes from the heart to the lungs

26
Q

where is the pulmonary vein and whats its purpose

A

top right of the heart and oxygenated blood passes from the lung to the heart

27
Q

where is the aorta and whats its purpose

A

top middle right of the heart
-oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the body

28
Q

which blood vessel transports blood at the highest pressure

A

aorta

29
Q

what is the pattern of blood flow through the heart

A

first blood enters the heart through the left atrium and the right atrium,atria now contracts and forces blood into the ventricles, ventricles contract and force blood out of the heart

30
Q

where does the blood which enters the right atrium come from

A

the body

31
Q

where does the blood which enters the left atrium come from

A

the lungs

32
Q

what is the purpose of the coronary artery

A

-provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart
-this oxygen is used for respiration
-to provide energy for contraction of the heart

33
Q

what is the pacemaker and where is it found

A

group off cells found in the right atrium which control resting natural heart rate

34
Q

what is an artificial pacemaker

A

a small electrical device implanted into the right atrium which corrects irregularities in the heart

35
Q

what are statins

A

Statins are drugs that can be taken to decrease blood cholesterol levels.

36
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

-Advantages: Often cheap to buy, and do not require surgery.

-Disadvantages: May have side effects, and the patient has to remember to take them.

37
Q

what is the use of a stent

A

Coronary arteries that are blocked or have become narrow can have a stent inserted to restore and maintain blood flow.

38
Q

what are the advantages of stents

A

Stents can be used in instances where drugs are less effective, and offer a ‘longer term’ solution

39
Q

disadvantages of stents

A

-require surgery,risk of infection and even death
-drugs have to be taken to prevent blood clotting
-artery can narrow again due to build up of scar tissue

40
Q

why are low doses of the drug used in phase 1 clinical trials

A

-to reduce any risk
-to look for side effects

41
Q

why are healthy patients used in phase 1 of clinical trials

A

-too great a risk for an ill patient
-an ill patient may already be taking another drug

42
Q

what are advantages of biological valves

A

-reduced risk of blood clot which could cause heart attack or stroke
-do not need to take anti blood clotting drugs
-reduced risk of blood clotting during birth

43
Q

what are disadvantages of biological valves

A

-may be rejected
-may have to go through surgery more then once
-have to wait for suitable donors

44
Q
A

biology (9 decks)

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