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biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

1
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have

A

XY

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2
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have

A

XX

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have in body cells

A

23 pairs
46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

What are genes

A

Section of DNA on a chromosome

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6
Q

What are alleles

A

Versions of genes

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7
Q

What does the genotype tell us

A

The genotype of a person Tells us the alleles present

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8
Q

What is it called when a person has two copies of the same allele

A

Homozygous

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9
Q

When does phenotype tell us

A

The phenotype tells us the characteristics caused by the persons alleles

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10
Q

What is it called when a person has two copies of different alleles

A

Heterozygous

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11
Q

What is a dominant allele

A

A dominant allele will show in the phenotype even if there is only one copy present

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12
Q

When is a recessive allele

A

A recessive allele will only show in the phenotype if two copes are present

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13
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

A disorder of cell membrane

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14
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

-two strands,each on a polymer
-double helix

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15
Q

What do genesis make amino acids do

A

Each gene encodes a specific sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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16
Q

What is a genome

A

-the genome is the entire genetic material of an organism

17
Q

Why is it important we understand the human genome

A

-search for genes linked to disease
-understand and treat inherited disorders
-trace human migration patterns

18
Q

Where do we find chromosomes

A

In the nucleus of cells

19
Q

What are the stages of mitosis

A

1.DNA replicates forming two copies of each chromosome
2.mitosis takes place and one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell,nucleus also divided
3.cell membrane and cytoplasm divide forming two identical cells

20
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

1.growth and development of multicellular organisms
2.repair
3.asexual reproduction

21
Q

What do gametes such as sperm and egg cells contain

A

-single chromosome
-chromosomes are not paired
-23 single chromosomes

22
Q

What are the stages of meiosis

A

1-all the chromosomes are copied
2-cell divided into two
3-both of the new cells divide once more forming the gametes

23
Q

What does meiosis form

A

-four Gametes
-each gamete is genetically different

24
Q

What happens to gamate’s in sexual reproduction

A

-gametes join together(fertilisation)
-the cell now has a normal number of chromosomes

25
Q

What happened to the number of chromosomes in meiosis

A

The number of chromosomes is halved

26
Q

What is an embryo

A

A clump of identical cells

27
Q

What is polydactyl

A

-a disorder where people have extra fingers or toes

28
Q

Polydactyl is caused by a dominant allele , what does this mean

A

-you cannot be a carrier
-a person with one copy of polydactyl will have it

29
Q

What is embryo screening

A

-Embryos are tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders
-embryos which don’t have the defective allele are implanted into the women

30
Q

What are solutions for inherited disorders

A

Embryo screening

31
Q

What are the issues with embryo screening

A

-Expensive-money could be spent elsewhere
-embryos are destroyed,seen as unethical
-may be able to screen embryos to have desired features, unethical

32
Q

What is variation

A

The differences in characteristics of individuals in a population

33
Q

What are the causes of variation

A

-inherited alleles
-genetics and environmental

34
Q

What are some examples of environmental variation

A

-flower colour, PH of soul
-Langauge

35
Q

What are mutations

A

Random changes to DNA

36
Q

What can mutation lead to

A

-Very rarely mutation can lead to new phenotype
-can be beneficial if environment changes

biology (9 decks)

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