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Biology > B2 organisation > Flashcards

B2 organisation Flashcards

conary disease and heart needs to be done

1
Q

how do you test for starch?(3)

A
  1. put food on spotting tile
  2. add few drops of iodine solution
  3. starch present if iodine turns from orange —> blue - black
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2
Q

how do you test for protein? (4)

A
  1. add food sample to test tube
  2. add 2cm^3 of biuret solution
  3. mix gently
  4. protein present if solution goes from blue —> purple
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3
Q

how do you test for sugar/ glucose? (4)

A
  1. put small amount of food into test tube
  2. cover with benedicts solution
  3. heat gently in water bath for 5-10 mins
  4. glucose is present if turns from blue —> orange - red
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4
Q

how do you test for fats?
2 methods

A
  1. add food sample to test tube
  2. cover with ethanol
  3. add 2cm depth of water
  4. Fat present if goes cloudy white
    method 2:
  5. rub/ crush food onto filter paper
  6. fat is present if paper goes translucent
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5
Q

how is fat broken down?

A

fat –> lipase –> fatty acids and glycerol
- fat is broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol

fat: large molecule
lipase: enzyme
fatty acids and glycerol: small soluble (product)

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6
Q

how is starch broken down?

A

starch–> amylase–> sugar/ glucose
- starch is broken down by amylase into sugar/glucose

starch: large insoluble
amylase: enzyme
sugar: product

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7
Q

how is protein broken down?

A

protein–> protease —> amino acids

  • protein is broken down by protease into amino acids
    protein: large insoluble
    protease: enzyme
    amino acids: product
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8
Q

which places are amylase made in?

A

pancreas, small intestine, salivary glands,

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9
Q

which places are protease made in?

A

pancreas, small intestine, stomach

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10
Q

which places are lipase made in?

A

pancreas and small intestine

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11
Q

what solution is used to test for starch?

A

iodine

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12
Q

what solution is used to test for protein?

A

biuert solution

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13
Q

what is the colour change for starch?

A

orange to blue -black

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14
Q

what is the colour change for protein?

A

blue to purple

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15
Q

what enzymes is used to break down fats?

A

lipase

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16
Q

what solution is used to test for sugar/ glucose?

A

benedicts solution

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17
Q

what is the colour change for sugar/glucose?

A

blue to orange - red

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18
Q

what 2 solutions are used to test for fat?

A

water and ethanol

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19
Q

what enzyme is used to break down starch?

A

amylase

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20
Q

where does gas exchange take place in the lungs?

A

alveoli

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21
Q

what are 3 adaptations of the alveoli?
all of these helps increase the rate of diffusion

A

1.folded walls –> larger SA
2. very thin walls —> shorter diffusion pathway
3. good blood supply—> maintains steep conc gradient

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22
Q

what is the blood?

A

a tissue that transports substances such as oxygen and CO2

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23
Q

where does oxygen diffuses from in the blood?

A

diffuses from alveoli into blood
- from high conc to low

24
Q

where does CO2 diffuse from in the blood?

A

diffuses from blood into alveoli
- from high conc to low

25
Q

what are blood vessels?

A

what the blood moves through?
(arteries and veins)

26
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

carries blood away from the heart
- is a blood vessel

27
Q

what are 3 structures of the arteries?

A

1.thick walls —> to withstand high pressure
2. elastic walls —> so they can stretch and return to original shape
3. thick muscles —> to maintain the force on the blood

28
Q

what is the function of the veins?

A

carries blood to heart

29
Q

what is the structure of the veins?
n.d

A
30
Q

what are the 4 blood components?

A

red blood cells. white blood cells, platelets, plasma

31
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

carries oxygen to the body cells

32
Q

what is the function of white blood cells?

A

protects the body against pathogen that cause diseases

33
Q

what is the function of platelets?

A

involved with blood clotting
( stops you bleeding)

34
Q

what is the function of plasma?

A

carries nutrients, CO2 and waste products

35
Q

what is the calculation for blood flow?

A

Cardiac output= heat rate x stroke volume

36
Q

what is cancer?

A

an uncontrolled growth of cells
- cells divide uncontrollably and form a mass of cells called tumours

37
Q

what are the 2 types of cancer tumours?

A

benign and malignant tumours

38
Q

what are malignant tumours?

A

uncontrolled growth of cells that can invade other tissues
- they spread throughout the body via the blood where they form secondary tumours

39
Q

what are benign tumours?

A

uncontrolled growth of cells that can’t invade other tissues

40
Q

what are 4 cancer survival rates?

A
  1. earlier diagnosis
  2. improved treatment
  3. more cancer screening
  4. improve patient knowledge of risk factors
41
Q

what are non communicable diseases?

A

diseases that can’t spread from person to person

42
Q

what are the 2 risk factors of NCDs?

A

medical and lifestyle
medical: substances in a persons body or environment
lifestyle: aspect’s of a persons life

43
Q

what are 4 medical risk factors of NCD’s?

A

1.high cholesterol –> fatty substances
2. high blood pressure
3. diabetes
4. genetic factors

44
Q

what are 4 lifestyle risk factors of NCD’s?

A

1.obesity
2. smoking
3. alcohol
4. high fat diet

45
Q

what are 2 links between medical and lifestyle risk factors on NCDs?

A

obesity is linked to high cholesterol

smoking is linked to high blood pressure

46
Q

how many nutrients are there?

A

7

47
Q

fibre

A

needed for

48
Q

what is fat needed for and where is it found?

A
  • needed for energy
  • found in oils, butter and cheese
49
Q

carbohydrates
- needed for…
- found in ..
- 2 types?

A

-need for energy
-found in bread and pasta
-comes in 2 forms:
starch: large insoluble
sugar: soluble

50
Q

what is water needed for and where is it found?

A
  • needed for hydration
  • found in fruit, veg and drinks
51
Q

what are vitamins needed for and where are they found?

A
  • needed for good health
  • found in fruit and veg
52
Q

what are minerals needed for and where are they found?

A
  • needed for good health
  • found in fruit and veg
53
Q

what are proteins needed for and where are they found?

A
  • needed for growth and repair
  • found in meat, fish, beans and nuts
54
Q

exam questions - why are viruses not classed as cells?

A

because they don’t have a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes

55
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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