B2-Organisation

Question 1

What is the definition of a cell?

Answer 1

A basic building block that all living organisms have

Question 2

What is the definition of a tissue?

Answer 2

Group of similar cells that carry out a specific function

Question 3

What is an organ?

Answer 3

A group of different tissues that carry out a specific function

Question 4

What is an organ system?

Answer 4

Group of organs that work together to carry out function

Question 5

Give examples of organ system

Answer 5

Circulator
Endocrine
Respiratory
Digestive
Nervous
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

Biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up themselves

Question 7

Why are enzymes said to be specific?

Answer 7

They have a specific active site shape and will bind only specific substrates that fit in these active sites

Question 8

What do we call the mechanism by which a substrate binds to an enzyme?

Answer 8

Lock and key mechanism

Question 9

What effects the shape and active site of an enzyme?

Answer 9

The temperature and pH

Question 10

How do you call it when the active site of an enzyme has been changed in such way that it will not work anymore

Answer 10

Denaturation

Question 11

Why do we need digestive enzymes?

Answer 11

It helps with breaking down bigger molecules into smaller, soluble ones

Question 12

Why it is needed to break bigger molecules into smaller ones during digestion?

Answer 12

Big molecules are insoluble and will not be able to be absorbed into the blood

Question 13

What is the function of the amylase enzyme?

Answer 13

Break down starch into smaller sugars (carbohydrates) such as maltose

Question 14

Where is the amylase enzyme produced?

Answer 14

In the salivary glands, small intestines and pancreas

Question 15

What is the function of the protease enzyme?

Answer 15

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

Question 16

Where is the protease enzyme produced?

Answer 16

Pancreas, small intestines and stomach

Question 17

What is the function of lipase

Answer 17

Break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Question 18

Where is lipase made?

Answer 18

Small intestine and pancreas

Question 19

What is the function of bile?

Answer 19

It makes the conditions alkaline (in the intestines) so that the enzymes can better work

It emulsifies fat so there is a larger surface area for lipase to work on

Question 20

Where is the bile made?

Answer 20

In the liver

Question 21

Where is bile stored?

Answer 21

Gal bladder

Question 22

What are the three main components of food?

Answer 22

Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipids

Question 23

Write down the structure of the lungs

Answer 23

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiolus (bronchioli)
Alveolus (alveoli)

Question 24

How is the alveoli adapted to carry out its function?

Answer 24

High surface area (millions of them)
There are permeable capillaries surrounding them
Alveoli have very thin permeable membranes

Question 25

What is diffused into the alveoli?

Answer 25

Carbon dioxide

Question 26

What is diffused out of the alveoli

Answer 26

Oxygen

Question 27

Why is the circulatory system called the double circulatory system?

Answer 27

The blood enters the blood twice

Question 28

Give the circuit of the blood around the heart

Answer 28

Vena cava (right atrium) - right ventricle - pulmonary artery to lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta to rest of the body

Question 29

Why is the left side of the heart thicker?

Answer 29

It pumps blood to the rest of the body so there is more pressure

Question 30

What is a natural pacemaker?

Answer 30

A group of cells in the right atrium that control the heart rate

Question 31

What is the artificial pacemaker?

Answer 31

It is an electrical device put under the skin to replace the natural pacemaker

Question 32

How doe the heart receive oxygen?

Answer 32

Through the coronary arteries

Question 33

Name the three types of blood vessels

Answer 33

Capillaries, veins and arteries

Question 34

What is the function of arteries?

Answer 34

Carry blood away from the heart

Question 35

What is the function of veins?

Answer 35

Carry blood back to the heart

Question 36

What is the function of capillaries?

Answer 36

Links veins and arteries together | Responsible for substance exchange

Question 37

Give the structure of an artery

Answer 37

Lumen Thick elastic layer and muscle as there is a high pressure No valves

Question 38

Give the structure of a capillary

Answer 38

Permeable wall Small and thin Can't sustain high pressures

Question 39

Give the structure of a vein

Answer 39

Valves Thinner muscle walls than arteries There is a lower pressure

Question 40

Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?

Answer 40

Tissue

Question 41

What are the components of blood?

Answer 41

Red blood cells Platelets White blood cells Plasma

Question 42

What is the function of red blood cells?

Answer 42

Carry oxygen around the body

Question 43

How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function

Answer 43

No nucleus to make room for oxygen Biconcave shape to increase surface area Contain haemoglobin to bind the oxygen

Question 44

What is the function of white blood cells?

Answer 44

Defence system

Question 45

How do white blood cells defend the human immune system?

Answer 45

Antitoxins Phagocytosis Antibodies

Question 46

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 46

To clot a wound

Question 47

What can you say about the structure of platelets?

Answer 47

They are cell fragments

Question 48

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 48

Carry everything in the blood

Question 49

Give examples of substances that are carried by plasma

Answer 49

``` red blood cells platelets white blood cells carbon dioxide hormones proteins amino acids glucose urea antibodies antitoxins ```

Question 50

What are cardiovascular diseases?

Answer 50

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Question 51

Give an example of a cardiovascular disease

Answer 51

Coronary heart disease

Question 52

What is coronoary heart disease?

Answer 52

When the coronary arteries are blocked by fatty deposit This causes the blood flow to be restricted so the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen it can lead to a heart attack

Question 53

What are the treatments for cardiovascular diseases

Answer 53

``` Stent Statin Artificial pacemaker Artificial valve Artificial heart ```

Question 54

What are the advantages of statins?

Answer 54

Reduces cholesterol in the blood

Question 55

What are the disadvantages of statins?

Answer 55

Side-effects | Take on a regular basis for a long-term

Question 56

How does a stent work?

Answer 56

Put a balloon with a metal mesh around it and put it inside the artery Inflate the balloon so the metal mesh expands Remove the balloon so that the metal mesh stays and keeps the artery open

Question 57

Why do we need a heart transplant?

Answer 57

If the heart doesn't work anymore

Question 58

When do we need an artificial heart?

Answer 58

When the patient is waiting for a donor | When you want to give an ill heart a bit of rest

Question 59

What are the two types of valves?

Answer 59

Biological and mechanical

Question 60

When would someone need replacement valves?

Answer 60

When valve is not closing properly (leaky valve) | When the valve is not open properly (stiff valve)

Question 61

What are the disadvantages of surgery?

Answer 61

Risk of bleeding and infection Scars Donor hearts and valves may be rejected by the immune system Artificial devices can lead to thrombosis