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DAS CCEA GCSE Biology 2 > B2.4 Applied Genetics > Flashcards

B2.4 Applied Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Where is genetic info stored?

A

Chromosones in the nucleus

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2
Q

Chromosones appear in pairs in most cells, list the 2 that they don’t appear in cells.

A

Gametes and bacterial cells

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3
Q

What repeating unit is DNA made from?

A

A repeating unit called a nucleotide

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4
Q

What is the shape that makes up DNA called?

A

Double Helix

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5
Q

What does A join?

A

T

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6
Q

What does C join?

A

G

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7
Q

What is the name given to the code that is a sequence of 3 bases which make up an amino acid?

A

The triplet code

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8
Q

List 3 things cell division allows organisms to do

A

Grow
Repair
Replace worn out cells

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9
Q

What process is it when a parent diploid cell produces two identical daughter cells?

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

What is the process called when two haploid daughter cells divide to produce 4 other cells?

A

Meiosis

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11
Q

Explain the independent assortment of chromosomes.

A

The way chromosones arrange themselves before the cell produces genetic variation in gametes

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12
Q

What can genetic screening predict before pregnancy?

A

The likely hood of a child having a genetic condition

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13
Q

What can genetic screening determine during pregnancy?

A

If a child has a genetic condition

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14
Q

List 4 groups of people who should be offered genetic screening

A

Older mothers
People who have a family history of genetic conditions
Mothers who have a genetic abnormality in previous pregnancies
Those identified as at risk from previous scans

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15
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process that modifies a genome to introduce a desirable trait

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16
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

The process of modifying genomes in an organism to introduce a desired trait

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17
Q

Explain how human insulin is produced

A

Insulin gene cut from human chromosome with a restrictive enzyme - leaves ‘sticky ends’

Plasmid removed from bacterial cell using same enzyme leaving sticky ends

Gene is fitted into plasmid and returned to bacterial cell

Bacteria multiply (mitosis) to produce insulin

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18
Q

List 4 advantages of production of human insulin

A

Unlimited supply
More ethical
More efficient (using actual human insulin)
No risk of transmission of infection

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19
Q

What do genes control? What do genes code for?

A

Controls characteristics
Codes for a protein

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20
Q

What is an allele a different form of?

A

Different forms of the same gene

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21
Q

What are weaker alleles known as being?

A

Recessive

22
Q

What are stronger alleles known as being?

A

Dominant

23
Q

What does the term heterozygous mean?

A

When two alleles are different

24
Q

What does the term heterozygous mean?

A

When two alleles are different

25
Q

What does a phenotype show?

A

The outcome of the genotype

26
Q

How do you identify the unknown genotype of a parent?

A

Cross it with a homozygous recessive partner

27
Q

What two chromosomes do females have ?

A

Two X chromosones

28
Q

What two chromosomes do males have?

A

One X and one Y

29
Q

What type of condition is Haemophila?

A

A sex linked condition

30
Q

What is haemophila caused by?

A

A reccessive allele in males - females can be carriers but not have the condition

31
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

Recessive allele

32
Q

What is Huntingtons caused by?

A

A dominant allele

33
Q

What is down syndrome caused by?

A

An extra copy of chromosome 21

34
Q

What test is carried out to determine if a child will have down syndrome?

A

Amniocentesis

35
Q

What is a risk associated with an amniocentesis test?

A

Chance of miscarriage

36
Q

How many chromosomes total would a person with down syndrome have?

A

47

37
Q

What is an allele that will only show in the phenotype if both of that allele are present?

A

A recessive allele

38
Q

Name one cell where mitosis occurs

A

Lungs

39
Q

Name one cell where meiosis occurs

A

Testicles

40
Q

What does the term haploid mean?

A

When a cell or organism has half the number of chromosomes

41
Q

What does the term diploid mean?

A

When a cell or organism has it’s full number of chromosomes

42
Q

How many cell divisions does Mitosis have?

A

1

43
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

2

44
Q

List, in order, the 3 stages of the downstreaming process in the production of human insulin.

A

Extraction
Purification
Packaging

45
Q

In the structure of DNA, what compound is in the shape of a pentagon?

A

Sugar

46
Q

In the structure of DNA, what compound is in the shape of a circle?

A

Phosphate

47
Q

In the structure of DNA, what compound is attached to the pentagon which is not a circle?

A

Base

48
Q

What is each base triplet a code for?

A

Amino Acid

49
Q

What is information contained in the gene known as?

A

The genotype

50
Q

How is a person’s genotype represented?

A

Two letters

DAS CCEA GCSE Biology 2 (6 decks)

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