B3

Question 1

What are pathogens

Answer 1

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

What get infected by pathogens

Answer 2

Plants and animals

Question 3

What type of disease do pathogens cause

Answer 3

Communicable diseases which spread easily

Question 4

Name the 4 types of pathogens

Answer 4

Bacteria, fungi, virus and Protists

Question 5

How does bacteria make you feel ill

Answer 5

It produces toxins that damage your cells and tissues

Question 6

What is bacteria

Answer 6

Small cells that reproduce rapidly inside the body

Question 7

How big are bacteria cells

Answer 7

1/100 size of body cells

Question 8

Why do viruses make you feel ill

Answer 8

Because they damage your cells

Question 9

What are viruses not

Answer 9

Cells

Question 10

How big are viruses

Answer 10

1/100th size of bacterium

Question 11

How do viruses reproduce

Answer 11

They reproduce rapidly by living inside your cells and replicating using your cells machinery
The cell then bursts releasing the new viruses

Question 12

How are protists transferred

Answer 12

By a vector which doesn’t get the disease itself

Question 13

What are protists

Answer 13

Eukaryotes and most are singled celled

Question 14

What is fungi made of

Answer 14

Hyphae which grows and penetrates the human skin and plant surface to cause disease

Question 15

Three ways pathogens spread

Answer 15

Water - drink/bathe in dirty water (cholera)
Air - carried in air and breathed in, droplets produced by coughing or sneezing
Direct contact - touching contaminated surface (athletes foot)

Question 16

What are the three viral diseases

Answer 16

Measles, hiv, tobacco mosaic virus

Question 17

What is measles, spreading, symptoms, prevent

Answer 17

Spread via air droplets from infected persons cough/sneeze
Red rash and fever
Vaccinated from young age

Question 18

HIV spreading, symptoms and prevent

Answer 18

Sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids by sharing needles
Flu like symptoms for few weeks then no symptoms for years
Antiretroviral drugs stop virus from replicating
Attacks immune cells and damages the immune system so can’t cope with other infections

Question 19

Tmv symtomps and prevention

Answer 19

Affects plants
Mosaic pattern on leaves so parts of leaves are discoloured
The discolouration means less photosynthesis so less growth

Question 20

What is the fungal disease

Answer 20

Rose black spot

Question 21

Rose black spot spreading, symptoms and prevention

Answer 21

Purple/black spots on rose plant leaves
The leaves turn yellow then drop off
Less photosynthesis so the plant doesn’t grow
Spreads by wind or water
Treat with fungicides or cut and burn

Question 22

Protist disease

Answer 22

Malaria

Question 23

Malaria spreading, symptoms and prevention

Answer 23

Mosquitos pick up malarial protist when feeding on an infected animal and infects other animal by feeding on it inserting the protist into the blood
Fever
Stop mosquitos breeding by drying up swamps
Insecticides and mosquito nets

Question 24

The two bacterial diseases

Answer 24

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

Question 25

Salmonella symptoms, prevention, spreading

Answer 25

Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea Symptoms form toxins produced by bacteria Eating contaminated food, chicken had the disease or prepared in unhygienic conditions Vaccine poultry and keep kitchen area clean

Question 26

Gonorrhoea symptoms, prevention and spreading

Answer 26

Sexually transmitted disease Through unprotected sex Pain when urinating, thick yellow/green discharge Antibiotic, penicillin but some strains can be resistant Barrier methods - condoms

Question 27

How to reduce and prevent diseases

Answer 27

Hygienic Destroy vectors Isolate infected individuals Vaccination

Question 28

The body defence system

Answer 28

Skin - barrier to pathogens Hairs/mucus - traps particles and flushed them out Trachea and bronchi - secrete mucus to trap pathogens, lined with cilia to waft mucus up to throat where it’s swelled Stomach hydrochloric acid - kills pathogens that make it that far

Question 29

The immune system

Answer 29

Destroys pathogens in the body White blood cells in blood patrol for pathogens to attack

Question 30

What are the functions of white blood cells

Answer 30

Consume them - engulf foreign cells and digest them via phagocytosis Produce antitoxins - counteract toxins produced by bacteria Produce antibodies - lock onto invading cells with unique antigens on its surface, they are specific to the antigen, produce rapidly and carried around the body, person is naturally immune after as antibodies can be produced rapidly to kill it

Question 31

What do vaccination contain

Answer 31

Small dead or inactive pathogens that carry antigens so your body produces antibodies to fight them Protects from further infections making you immune as a new pathogen takes a few days to deal with it and you can get ill by then

Question 32

MMR vaccine

Answer 32

Measles, mumps, rubella

Question 33

Pros of vaccines

Answer 33

Controls common communicable diseases Epidemics prevented if large percentage of population are vaccinated

Question 34

Vaccination cons

Answer 34

Don’t always work so don’t give immunity People have bad reactions but are very rare

Question 35

Painkillers and example

Answer 35

Aspirin Relieve pain but don’t tackle cause of disease or kill pathogens but reduce symptoms

Question 36

Antibiotics and example

Answer 36

Penicillin Kill or prevent growth of bacteria without killing body cells Different antibiotics for different bacteria Reduce deaths by bacteria

Question 37

Why are viruses hard to kill

Answer 37

Reproduce using body cells

Question 38

Antibiotic resistant with example

Answer 38

They will survive the antibiotic and reproduce so the population doesn’t die out - natural selection Resistant strain can cause serious infection that can’t be treated Mrsa serious wound infections and resistant to antibiotics

Question 39

How to slow down the rate of development if antibiotic resistant strains

Answer 39

Avoid overprescribing antibiotics - only for serious things Finish the whole course of antibiotics and not just stop when you feel better

Question 40

4 stages of drug testing

Answer 40

Preclinical - on human cells and tissues (toxic) Live animals for efficacy, toxicity, dosage Clinical - healthy volunteers (side effects), start on low dosage and gradually increase Patients (optimum dosage found with most effective and fewest side effects)

Question 41

How to make a drug trial fair

Answer 41

Placebo Double blind trial Results aren’t published until after peer review

Question 42

Placebo effect

Answer 42

Patient expects the treatment to work so feels better even though the treatment isn’t doing anything Helps doctor to see the difference the drug makes

Question 43

Double blind trial

Answer 43

Doctor nor patient knows whose getting the drug or placebo so they’re not influenced by their knowledge

Question 44

Peer review

Answer 44

Prevents false claims as results aren’t published until after peer review When other scientists check that the work is valid and carried out correctly

Question 45

How are plant drugs made

Answer 45

Plants produce chemicals to defend themselves against pathogens Some chemicals are used for humans to treat or relieve symptoms

Question 46

What is aspirin made from

Answer 46

Willow

Question 47

What is digitalis from and cures

Answer 47

Heart conditions from fox conditions

Question 48

What did Alexander Fleming discover

Answer 48

A dish of bacteria had mould on it and around the mould was free of bacteria Mould producing substance that killed bacteria (penicillin)