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B5 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a stable internal environment even when the external or internal environment changes

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2
Q

Why is homeostasis important

A

Cells need the right conditions to function properly otherwise they will denurture

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3
Q

What 3 things do control systems control

A

Body temp, blood glucose and water content

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4
Q

What are the three components of a control system that work together to maintain a steady condition

A

Receptors, coordination centre(brain,spinal cord and pancreas) and effectors

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5
Q

What makes negative feedback responsive

A

When something in the body is too high or low so it needs to be back to normal

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6
Q

What is the process of negative feedback

A

Receptor detects a stimulus (too high/ too low)
Coordination centre receives and processes information then organises a respond
Effector produces response which counteracts change and restores optimum level

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7
Q

What happens if effectors carry on producing a response in negative feedback

A

The level can change too much which the receptor detects and the process starts again

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8
Q

What does the nervous system allow humans to do

A

React to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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9
Q

What does a receptor do

A

Detect a stimuli

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10
Q

What does an effector do

A

Respond to impulses and bring change

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11
Q

What are the two effectors and what do they do to bring change

A

Muscles contract
Glands secrete hormones

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the CNS

A

Spinal cord and Brian

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13
Q

What is the order of response in the nervous system

A

Stimulus
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone (CNS)
Motor neurone
Effector
Response

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14
Q

What is a synapse

A

The gap between two neurones

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15
Q

How does the nerve system get past a synapse

A

Electrical impulse triggers a chemical (neurotransmitter) to diffuse from a high concentration to a low concentration across the gap which sets of a new electrical impulse in the next neurone

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16
Q

What is a reflex

A

A rapid automatic response to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain

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17
Q

What do reflexes help prevent

A

Injuries

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18
Q

What is an example of a reflex

A

Bright light in eyes
Pupil automatically gets smaller so less light enters which prevents damage

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19
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

Passage of information in a reflex

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20
Q

What effector is used in a reflex

A

The closest muscle to produce a quick reaction as it takes less time to get to it and produce a response

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21
Q

What is a reaction time

A

Time taken to respond to a stimulus

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22
Q

What three things are reaction time affected by

A

Age
Gender
Drugs

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23
Q

What is the reaction time experiment

A

Person tested sits with arm on table ledge
Other person holds ruler vertically between thumb and finger -zero level with fingers
Let go without warning - person catches as quick as possible
Measure form top of thumb
Higher number = slower reaction time
Repeat test and calculate mean

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24
Q

What are the controls for the reaction time experiment

A

Same person
Same hand
Dropped from same height

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25
What is a hormone
A chemical messenger sent in the blood
26
What do hormones control
Things that need constant adjustment
27
How are hormones secreted
By the endocrine glands
28
Are hormones long or short lasting
Long
29
What is the pituitary gland
Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
30
Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland
It sends hormones to direct other glands to release hormones to bring change
31
What do the ovaries produce
Oestrogen for the menstrual cycle
32
What do the testes produce
Testosterone to control puberty and sperm production
33
What does the thyroid gland produce
Thyroxine to regulate the metabolism, heart rate and temperature
34
What does the adrenal gland produce
Adrenaline to prepare body for flight or fight response
35
What does the pancreas produce
Insulin to regulate blood glucose level
36
What is the difference between hormones and nerves
Nerves - fast, short time, precise area, from pain signals/ eyes Hormones - slower, long time, general way, from shock
37
What is the computer reaction time
Person clicks the computer when a stimuli shows up on screen
38
Why is the computer reaction time experiment more precise and accurate
It erases human error, records in milliseconds(smaller resolution), removes the possibility that the person could predict when to respond as person could read testers body language so can anticipate it
39
What order are the menstrual cycle hormones released in
FSH oestrogen LH progesterone
40
How is FSH part of the menstrual cycle
Produced in pituitary gland Matures egg in ovary Stimulâtes ovary to produce oestrogen
41
How is oestrogen part of the menstrual cycle
Produced in ovaries Causes uterus lining to grow Stimulates release of LH Inhibits FSH
42
How is LH part of the menstrual cycle
Produced by pituitary gland Stimulates release of egg at day 14(ovulation)
43
How is progesterone part of the menstrual cycle
Produced in ovaries by remains of follicle after ovulation Maintains uterus lining for second half of cycle Progesterone levels fall = uterus lining breaks down Inhibits release of LH and FSH
44
How is oestrogen contraceptive
Inhibits FSH production so the egg can’t mature therefore egg production and development stop No egg = no baby
45
How does progesterone become contraceptive
Stimulâtes production of thick mucus which prevents the sperm reaching the egg
46
What does the combine pill contain
Oestrogen and progesterone
47
Pros of combined pill
Over 99% effective
48
Cons of combined pill
Side effects(headaches, nausea) Doesn’t protect against STDs
49
Pros of progesterone only pill
Fewer side effects but just as effective
50
What is the contraceptive patch
5 x 5cm patch stuck to skin that lasts for a week Produces oestrogen and progesterone
51
What is the contraceptive implant
Inserted under skin in arm Releases continuous progesterone which stops ovaries releasing eggs stopping fertilised eggs implanting into the uterus Lasts for 3 years
52
What is a barrier for sex
Non-hormonal contraception stops sperm getting to the egg
53
What do condoms protect against that nothing else does
STDs
54
What is a condom
Worn over penis during sexual intercourse to prevent sperm entering the vagina
55
What is a female condom
Worn inside the vagina
56
What is a diaphragm
Shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix to form a barrier Used with spermicide
57
What is spermicide
Disables/kills sperm
58
What is womenfolk with using spermicide alone
Not as effective (70-80%)
59
What is sterilisation
Permanent procedure Cutting/tying the fallopian tubes or sperm duct
60
What are natural methods of contraception
Avoiding sexual intercourse when the women is most fertile Not very effective Popular when people things hormonal and barrier methods are unnatural
61
What is abstinence
Don’t have sexual intercourse 100% effective
62
What is contraceptive injections
Progesterone Lasts 2-3 months
63
What is intrauterine device
T shaped device inserted into uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of fertilised egg
64
What does a plastic IUD do
Release progesterone
65
What does a copper IUD do
Prevent sperm surviving in the uterus
66
What is puberty
When your body starts releasing hormones that trigger secondary sexual characteristics
67
How is puberty in men
Testosterone produced by tested stimulates sperm production and facial hair
68
How is puberty in women
Oestrogen produced by ovaries stimulates breast growth, egged mature and menstrual cycle
69
What happens when the body detects too much glucose in the blood
Insulin secreted by pancreas Glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells Insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen Blood glucose is reduced
70
What happens when the body detects too little glucose in the blood
Glucagon secreted by pancreas Glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose Glucose released into blood by liver Blood glucose increased
71
What removes glucose form the blood
Vigorous exercise Normal metabolism
72
What puts glucose in the blood
Eating carbohydrates
73
What hormones does the pancreas secrete to control blood glucose levels
Insulin and glucagon
74
What does diabetes mean
You can’t control your blood sugar levels
75
What is type 1 diabetes
Pancreas produces little to no insulin so the blood glucose can rise and kill them
76
What do people with diabetes type 1 need
Insulin therapy which are injections of insulin throughout the day especially at meal times so glucose is removed quickly from the blood stopping blood level getting too high
77
What does the amount of insulin injected depend on
Diet and active levels
78
What do people with diabetes type 1 have to do
Limit carbohydrate intake and exercise regularly to take glucose out of blood
79
What is types 2 diabetes
When a person becomes resistant to their own insulin so their body cells don’t respond properly to the hormone causing their blood sugar to rise to a dangerous level
80
What increases the chance of developing diabetes type 2
Overweight
81
How to control diabetes type 2
Controlled diet and regular exercise
82
Explain the menstrual cycle
Day 1 - menstruation starts where the uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days Day 4-14 - Uterus lining builds up again ready to receive fertilised egg Day 14 - ovulation where the egg develops and released form ovary Day 14-28 - wall maintained and if no fertilised egg by day 28, lining breaks down and cycle starts again
83
What is the fertility drug
Stimulates ovulation (FSH, LH)
84
What does it mean if people have low FSH levels
Eggs can’t mature or get released so no pregnancies
85
Pros of fertility drug
Helps people get pregnant when they can’t
86
Cons of fertility drug
Doesn’t always work May have to do many times which is expensive Too many eggs can be stimulated so multiple pregnancies like twins
87
What is IVF
When eggs get collect from women’s ovaries and fertilised in a lab with men’s sperm Fertilised eggs grow into embryos in lab incubators Once tiny balls of cells one or two transferred back into women’s uterus
88
What is intra cytoplasmic sperm injection
Sperm directly injected into egg if low sperm count
89
Why is FSH and LH given before an egg collection
To stimulate several eggs to mature so more than one egg can be collected
90
Pros of IVf
Gives infertile couple a child
91
Cons of ivf
Multiple births Low success rate which is stressful and upsetting from multiple failures
92
Why are people against ivf
Unused embryos destroyed - destroying human life Genetic testing before implanting- selection of preferred characteristics
93
Where is the adrenal gland
Above the kidneys
94
What is adrenaline released in response to
Stressful/Scary situations
95
What does adrenaline increase
Oxygen and glucose to cells in brain and muscles Heart rate
96
How is negative feedback used to control hormone levels
It detects body has gone above/below normal level which triggers response to bring back to normal
97
Where is the thyroid gland
In the neck
98
What does thyroxine regulate
Basal metabolic rate which is the speed chemical reactions occur at rest
99
What does thyroxine stimulate
Protein synthesis for growth and development
100
What happens when thyroxine level is too high
TSH from pituitary gland is inhibited which reduces thyroxine therefore blood level falls back to normal

Biology (5 decks)

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