b3) h8 foreign policy Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
how did h8 signal how he would carry out f pol early?
A
- commisioned a biography of h5 (warlike king)
- conflict of interests against some councillors inherited from his father
- sent the Archbishop of York to Rome to persuade Pope Julius II to enter an alliance against the French- led to creation of the HOLY LEAGUE- anti french alliance joining England, Spain, HRE, Venice & Papacy
2
Q
what did his initial councillors inherited fromm h7 want?
A
- continuation of peace
- negotiated the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples in 1510
3
Q
how did Ferdinand, h8’s father in law, use him early on?
A
- 1512- H sent substantial army of 10,000 men to southwest france under command of the marquis of dorset, but it achieved nothing and ferdiannd used it as a diversionary tactic while he conquered Navarre
- a 1514 invasion of france was contemplated, but maximillian and ferdinand made separate peace w fr, so couldnt do it
4
Q
what was h8’s first campaign into france?
A
- 1512- ferdinand uses him
5
Q
what was h8’s second invasion into france?
A
- 1513- h himself led it- northeast france
- win battle of the spurs, which was bloated by propaganda to be huge victory, when actually just a skirmish
- captured towns THEROUANNE and TOURNAI
6
Q
what was the battle of Flodden?
A
- anglo- sc conflict 1513 (Sept.)
- J4 crossed border w large force, defeated by rushed together army led by Earl of Surrey
- J4 & many sc nob killed
- so sc throne to infant J5
7
Q
why was nothing really gained from the battle of flodden & first two france invasions?
A
- h8 did little to build on the advantage it gave him
- v costly- h8 was forced to liquidat eassets from his father to pay for it
- rumblings abt the taxation in Yorkshire, echoing 1489 revolt- narrowly faile dto turn into an uprising
- the negotiated french pension was lost
- tournai was sold back to fr for less than they’d paid to repair its defences after the seige
8
Q
how did wolsey try to recover relations in 1514?
A
- recovered fr pension & secured marriage alliance between mary, h’s sister & older louis XII
9
Q
what was f pol like between 1514-36 (middle of h8’s reign)?
A
- eng remained relatively minor power & couldn’t compete w sp & fr etc
- h8 overestimated eng’s power & wolsey had to base dteails of f pol around that false assumption
- ‘auld alliance’ still strong- so hostile w one= other
10
Q
how did his finances impact f pol around 1514?
A
- was unable to exploit weaknesses of sc following the death of j4 at flodden
- sought peace w france- brought w marriage of mary & louis, but this was short-lived
11
Q
what conflict occured out of mary’s marriages?
A
- louis- oct 1514
- louis dies jan 1515- gossip & rumours over his death
- mary remarried within weeks to duke of suffolk
- this prevented h8 using her for marriage alliances
- h8 considered himself dishonoured & betrayed by the secrecy of the affair & took time to regain trust w his fave sister & closest friend
12
Q
who gained the french throne after louis xii?
A
- francis i
- young charismatic king- h saw as personal and political rival
- so he tried to seek alliance w ferdinand, but he died in 1516, and his succesor charles 5th sought alliance w fr
- maximillian, c5’s other grandfather, & c5 & f1 agreed treaty of cambrai= left eng isolated
13
Q
how could francis 1st potentially undermine anglo-sc relations?
A
- could undermine anglo-sc relations
- DoA was heir presumptive to sc throne, and a member of fr nob
- this alarmed w & h who saw DoA as a fr agent
- but poisonous divisions among sc nob & h incapable of exploiting divisions & weaknesses within sc
14
Q
what was the treaty of london?
A
- 1518
- negotiated by wolsey, leading diplomat in western europe- successful in ending eng’s isolation
- was prompted by pope leo x, who desired a united christian front against the Ottomon Turks- was primarily concerned w peace between eng & fr
- but scope widened & became ‘treaty of perpetual peace’- non aggresion pact between eng, fr, sp, hre, no of smaller states
- it also involved pope leo x appointing wolsey as PAPAL LEGATE over eng
(- this all shows w’s height of power)
15
Q
how did the treaty of perpetual peace impact anglo-fr relations?
A
- newfound friendship
- eng agreed to return tournai back to fr, but fr agreed to pay eng a pension to compensate for its loss
- fr agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland- ensured more peaceful relations on the Anglo-Scottish border
16
Q
what encouraged fr to become friendly w eng after the treaty of Perpetual Peace/
A
- concerned for spain’s increasing power w the election of the spanish king to the post of hre
- so not rlly w’s diplomatic skills
17
Q
what was the field of the cloth of gold?
A
- June1520, over 2 weeks
- most extravagant & expensive diplomatic encounter of the period
- h8 & f1
- was in france, but quite close to Calis, which was held by the english
- labishly decorated pavillion where the kings and their accompanying retinue dined and were enteratined
18
Q
what negatives arose from the field of the cloth of gold?
A
- h8 became less keen when he was beaten by f1 in a wrestling match
- cost h’s royal treasury abt £15,000
- nothing was rlly achieved by it- conflict arose between f1 & c5 and in August 1521 w negotiated Treaty of Bruges w c5- a secret alliance between eng & sp that planned to date an invasion of france (against backdrop of italian wars)
19
Q
why did w & h side w c5 via the traty of bruges?
A
- could improve relations w pope, who wanted less fr control over northern italy
- believed he might gain more territory in France
- part of the deal involved plans for a marriage between h’s daughter mary and the hre
20
Q
what was the battle of pavia?
A
- 1525- crucial moment in Italian Wars (which lasted 1494-1559)
- between hre & sp + Fr
- italy was their main strategic focus- eng merely a sideshow
- francis was captured & held captive for a time by c5
21
Q
when in the 1520s did eng to invade fr?
A
- 1522 & 1523= campaigns into n fr, costly & gained little, pa reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue required
22
Q
how did h8 try to benefit from battle of pavia?
A
- duggested to c5 that they launch a joint invasion into fr for territorial gains
- c5 did not agree to this
- lack of public supp for it, largely due to anger over the amicable grant
- h8’s egp= bruised, obliged to back down
- hre repudiated his marriage contract w mary
- w’s domestic prestige never rlly recovered
23
Q
what was the league of cognac?
A
- put together by poep to counter what he considered as the excessive power of the c5 in northern italy following his victory at BoPavia
- h lent supp to it- mor epro-fr direction
- not the best time to be on poor terms w emporer- kings great matter
24
Q
how did ‘the King’s Great Matter’ generally affect foreign policy?
A
- invoked new complications in f pol that w could not solve
- brought down w
- made h8 an object of suspicion to the whole of catholic europe
25
what was the treaty of Amiens?
- - 1527
- anti-imperial alliance w fr
- due to eng's weak position
26
what was the peace of Cambrai?
- between france and hre- fr gave up lands in italy
- demonstrates c5's dominance over pope, who was politically dependent on the emporer
- this ensured h's attempts to solve marital issues by diplomatic terms would be fruitless
- so h just blamed wolsey, who fell from power 1529
27
what happened between eng and france in 1532?
- h saught to make a fragile alliance w the french
- france was in weak position, could put little pressure on the emporer
- alliance unravelled as f1 tried to seek a marriage alliance between his son and the pope's neice, catherine de medici
28
wha were immediate ineternational impacts of the break w rome?
- no repercussionss immediately as c5 primarily concerned with the threat of the Ottomon Turksto christian europe
29
why did h's position improve around 1536?
- death of coa and execution of anne boleyn opened new oppurtunity for a new alliance w emporer
- renewed fighting between f1 and c5 reduced potential of eng's isolated position
30
how did h's position weaken again in 1538?
- c5 and f1 united over treaty of Nice & they each agreed to sever connections w eng
- pope paul iii issued a bull deposing h- catholics loyal to pope before him
- pope sent envoys to scotland & france to rouse support for a catholuc crusade against h8
31
what was the 6 articles act?
- 1539
- in response to h's precarious position on int stage
- appeased catholics & explained his marriage to anne of cleaves
32
why was h8's position in 1538 not actually that weak?
- neither francis or charles acryally trusted eachother and each had more immediate priorities
33
what was the reason behind h's marriage to anne of cleaves?
- HIS FIRST ENcounter with her coincided with a meeting between charles and francis
- would ally eng w germanic states + Lutherian enemies of Charles 5th
- didn't rlly matter politically once c5 and f1 soon fell out again & h was in a more ecure position
34
what f pol did h return to in 1540s?
- aggressive!
35
why did henry want to invade scotland in 1542?
- imperial desire to absorb sc into eng, but h still old-fashioned and had no sense of a UK
- j4 married to a French queen- very catholic and very defensive
36
how did the 1542 invasion into scotland immediately go?
- immediate military success as sc forced into military action and faced demands they couldn't meet & retain an indep sov state
- heavily defeated in BATTLE OF SOLWAY MOSS
- J5 dies shortly after hearing news- throne goes to 1 week old Mary
- so now couldve launched a full scale invasion
37
why did henry not launch a full-scale invasion into scotland in 1542?
- prioritised france- sc= subordinate tofr ambition
-
38
what was the rough wooing?
- h deals w sc by diplomatic pressure while seeking military glory in france
- h seeks to marry princ edward to MQoS
- the children are betrothed formally according to the ToGREENWICH 1543
39
what was scotland's response to the rough wooing?
- conflicted sc response
- supported by sc regent Earl of Arran
- sir ralph Sadler, eng ambassador in scotland reported of widespread suspicion in sc of eng's intentions
- sc refused to allow H request for MQoS to be brought up in eng w/o custody of M or any guarentee that sc could repudiate like w france
40
what was the result of the treaty of greenwich?
- Arran deserted the eng cause and sc parliament refused to ratify it
- h was enraged & ordered the earl of hertford to carry out raid on edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews
41
what are criticisms of h's dealing w scotland in 1540s?
- neglected opp for secure policyby military force when had the opp to in 1542
- failed to heed Sadler's warnings abt sc hostility towards his intentions
- ordering EoH intto sc simply retaliation- no thought to strategic objectives & simply to antagonise sc further
42
what was h's final persuit of glory?
- final invasion into france in 1545- agrred to an alliance w HRE & large army assembled in 1544
- h desperate for military glory, so sets off as head of army despite his ill health & councillors warning him not to
43
how did the final invasion into france go wrong?
- h had little strategic objectives
- realised that attempting to march on paris would likely be unsuccessfll, even though he'd commjitted himself to doing so in imperial alliance
- so eng army confines itself to Calais, unseuccesfully besieging Montreuil yet capturing Bologne
- by this pt, HRE has had enough & made separate peace w fr
44
what was france's response to the 1545 invasion?
- separate fr force lands in isle of wight
- fr sends troops to sc to reinforce possible invasion of eng across border
- eng defeated at BATTLE OF ACRUM MOOR
- H's flagship, the MARY ROSE, sinks in the Solent
- however the french fail to recapture Boulogne & the invasion of N eng never materialised
45
