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Biology > B3 Organisation And Digestion > Flashcards

B3 Organisation And Digestion Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Organelle

A

Smaller parts or a cell

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells the same type

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3
Q

Organ

A

Group of cells working together

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4
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions

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5
Q

Examples of cells

A

Blood cells

Stem cells

Sperm cells

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6
Q

Examples of tissues

A

Epithelial tissue, glandular tissue, nervous tissue

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7
Q

Examples of organs

A

Brain, lungs, heart

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8
Q

Name all the organs in digestive system

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

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9
Q

Function of mouth

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces by chewing

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10
Q

Function of oesophagus (gullet)

A

Food travels down from mouth to stomach

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11
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Where bile is stored before released into small intestine

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12
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Excess water is absorbed from the food

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13
Q

Function of small intestine

A

Breaks down nutrients

Absorbs nutrients

Gets rid of unnecessary components

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14
Q

Function of liver

A

Bile in the liver neutralises stomach acid and emulsify fats

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15
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Protease, lipase and amylase are released into the small intestine to help digest the food

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16
Q

Function of rectum

A

Where the faeces are stored before passed out of the anus

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17
Q

Example of food molecules which are polymers

A

Proteins polymers of amino acids and nucleic acid

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18
Q

Tissues that make up organs

A

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

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19
Q

How the small intestine is adapted to its function

A

Villi and microvilli that increase surface area

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20
Q

Why the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, organs and organ systems

A

To support the life processes of cells to keep the organism alive

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21
Q

Function of Epithelial tissue

A

Helps protect the stomach from the harsh acidic environment

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22
Q

What does potato contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Starch

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23
Q

What does vegetable oil contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Lipids

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24
Q

Do egg whites contain

Starch, lipids, sugar, protein

A

Sugar

Protein

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25
Does a banana contain Starch, lipids, sugar, protein
Sugar Protein
26
Starch test
Few drops of iodine on food solution If solution turns blue-black starch is present
27
Lipid test
Few drops of ethanol to food solution If solution turns cloudy food has lipids
28
Sugar test
Few drops of benedict's to food solution If solution turns green the food contains some sugar If orange-red the food contains lots of sugar
29
Protein test
Few drops of biuret to food solution If purple contains protien
30
Enzymes
Proteins which act as biological catalysts
31
Function of enzyme in the body
Speeds up rate of chemical reaction
32
What affects how well an enzyme works
Temperature and pH
33
How are enzymes used in digestion
To break down food molecules
34
What do carbohydrates, proteins and lipids break down to
Carbohydrase Protease Lipase
35
How to test for substrates and products in the model gut
Set up Visking tubing Fill with mixture of starch and glucose Suspend in boiling tube for period of time
36
How some organisms can survive in extreme conditons
Enzymes enable these organisms to function in extreme conditions
37
How a change in temperature or pH affects the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
If pH is too high or too low the pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together This changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme. Raising temp increases reaction lowering temp decreases
38
How enzymes speed up reactions
Reducing the activation energy increasing the rate of reaction
39
How enzymes control metabolism
Enzymes lower the activation energies of chemical reactions
40
Use the ‘lock and key theory’ to explain why the shape of the enzyme is vital for it to function
The substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme’s active site
41
Why high temperatures and changes in pH prevent enzymes from catalysing reactions
High temperatures will break these forces
42
What does stomach contain
Acid
43
Where is bile produced
Liver
44
Function of bile
Bile breaks up fats into tiny droplets, through a process called emulsification
45
How bile increases the efficiency of fat digestion
Increases the rate of the lipase-catalysed reactions that break fats down The tiny droplets have a higher surface area than the original fat drop
46
How acid in the stomach increases the efficiency of pepsin
A low pH (1.5 to 2) activates pepsin
47
How the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction shows how efficient the reaction is
The less substrate they need to reach half of their maximum speed, the more efficient they are If Km is low enzyme is efficient
48
Why the cells of multicellular organisms are organised into tissues, organs, and organ systems
Maintain the internal environment, keeping it steady and able to provide for the needs of the cells
49
Structure of starch
Composed of long chains of glucose
50
Structure of simple sugar
6 carbons 12 hydrogens 6 oxygens joined together through covalent bond Hydrogens not at all bonded with oxygen
51
Structure of lipids
A glycerol molecule and three fatty acids bonded together
52
Structure of protein
Polymers of amino acids, formed by long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
53
How to carry out food tests
Break up the food using a pestle and mortar Transfer to a test tube and add distilled water Mix food with water by stirring with a glass rod Filter the mixture using a funnel and filter paper, collecting the solution Check the colour of solution depending if there's sugar or not
54
Function of carbohydrates
Source of energy
55
Function of protein
Growth and repair
56
Function of lipids
They help with moving and storing energy
57
Plan experiment to investigate how different catalysts affect the rate of a reaction
Add hydrogen peroxide into a conical flask Use delivery tube to connect this flask to a measuring cylinder upside down in water trough Add chosen catalyst into conical flask and close bung Measure volume of gas produced in a fixed time using the measuring cylinder
58
How to draw a tangent to a line and calculate the rate of a reaction with guidance
Draw a tangent to the curve at time = 0 This is the line drawn in red Make tangent as large as possible Calculate gradient of tangent = change in y/change in x This equals the initial rate
59
How to calculate the mean rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
Rate = change ➗ time Rate = amount of substrate used ➗ time
60
Function of muscular tissue
Contracts to move whatever its attached to
61
Function of glandular tissue
Makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
62
Cells
Basic building blocks that make up all living organisms
63
What do muscular tissue, glandular tissue and epithelial tissue do in organ system
Muscular tissue - moves stomach wall to churn up food Glandular tissue - makes digestive juices to digest food Epithelial tissue - covers the outside and inside of the stomach
64
How would you usually make a resction happen quicker
Raising temperature
65
Catalyst
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction
66
True or false Enzymes usually only catalyse one specific reaction
True
67
How does enzyme do fit in substrates
Active site changes shape a little as substrate binds to it to get a tighter fit
68
At what pH does pepsin enzyme works best at
2 as it's well suited to the acidic conditions

Biology (11 decks)

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