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Combined Science - Biology - Higher > B4 > Flashcards

B4 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

4 components of the blood

A

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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2
Q

function of red blood cells

A

Transport oxygen around the body

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3
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting at a wound

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4
Q

Function of plasma

A

It carries many substances dissolved in it including glucose for body cells

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5
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

defend the body against infectious organisms

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6
Q

adaptation of red blood cells

A

Shape increases the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed efficiently. No nucleus, so the whole cell is full of haemoglobin.

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7
Q

What allows red blood cells to carry oxygen?

A

haemoglobin

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8
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Hormones, antibodies, nutrients, waste substances

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9
Q

Name of process of white blood cells engulfing bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

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10
Q

product of oxygen and haemoglobin

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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11
Q

Name the 3 blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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12
Q

Function of arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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13
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A

small lumen - pressure and flow is high

thick walls - withstand high pressure

elastic tissue - allows blood vessels to stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow

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14
Q

What type of blood does arteries carry

A

oxygenated blood

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15
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

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16
Q

Adaptation of veins

A

Wide lumen - keeps blood flowing smoothly, at a low pressure

Valves prevent back flow of blood

Thin outer wall - muscles can squeeze vein: keeps blood moving up the body

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17
Q

What type of blood do veins carry?

A

deoxygenated blood

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18
Q

What do veins contain?

A

valves

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19
Q

function of valves

A

prevent back flow of blood

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20
Q

function of capillaries

A

to exchange of materials such as oxygen & carbon dioxide between the blood and body cells.

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21
Q

Adaptation of alveoli

A
  • millions of tiny capillaries (large surface area)
  • thin wall/one cell thick (short diffusion distance)
  • narrow lumen (increases diffusion time, decreases diffusion distance)
  • circulation maintains concentration gradient (low oxygen, high carbon dioxide)
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22
Q

What do capillaries link?

A

arteries and veins

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23
Q

What does double circulatory system mean?

A

The heart pumps blood around the body in two circuits.

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24
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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25
Name of the vein where blood into the heart
Vena Cava
26
In which chamber does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
Right Atrium
27
Name the artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary Artery
28
Name the vein that carries oxygenated blood back to the heart
Pulmonary Vein
29
Which chamber pumps blood around the body?
Left ventricle
30
adaptation of the left ventricle
thick muscular wall
31
which chamber in the heart has the highest blood pressue
Left ventricle
32
Name the artery that carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Aorta
33
Advantages of an artificial heart
Keep people alive while they wait for a transplant, less likely to be rejected
34
Disadvantages of an artificial heart
Surgery to fit it can lead to bleeding and infection Blood doesn't flow as smoothly - can cause blood clots, leading to strokes Has to take drugs to thin blood to make sure this doesn't happen
35
What is a pacemaker?
A group of cells in the right atrium wall that control the resting heart rate They produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract Artificial pacemakers can be used to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don't work well e.g. irregular heartbeat
36
What are stents?
Tubes that are inserted into arteries to keep them open, making sure blood can pass through
37
where are the lungs found?
upper part of the chest - thorax
38
What protects the lungs?
ribcage
39
function of diaphragm
separates the lungs from the digestive organs - abdomen
40
Inhalation
breathing air into the lungs - the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
41
Exhalation
breathing air out of the lungs - the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.
42
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli in the lungs
43
What are alveoli?
tiny air sacs in the lungs
44
Adaptation of alveoli for gas exchange
The alveoli have are thin, this allows gasses to diffuse through them easily. They are small and there are many of them meaning there is a large surface area through which much gas can diffuse at once. It also means there is a lot of surface in contact with the blood stream for gasses to diffuse into. Alveoli have a moist lining for gasses to dissolve into.
45
By which exchange process is oxygen transported into the blood?
Diffusion - oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood
46
Name 2 vascular tissues in plants
Xylem and Phloem
47
What is xylem made of?
dead cells
48
What does xylem transport?
water and minerals ions
49
What direction do xylem items move?
One direction - roots to leaves
50
Adaptations of xylem
Cells join together to form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them Spirals and rings of lignin in cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving
51
What is phloem made of?
living cells
52
What does phloem transport?
sugars
53
Adaptation of phloem
Sieve tubes - specialised for transport and have no nuclei
54
What direction do phloem items move?
Bi - directional - all over the plant
55
What process are phloem vessels involved in?
Translocation
56
What is translocation in a plant?
the movement of food substances from the stems to growing tissues and storage tissues.
57
What are stomata?
small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can be diffused
58
What opens and closes the stomata?
guard cells
59
Function of waxy cuticle
to prevent/reduce water loss and prevent entry of microorganisms
60
Function of epidermal tissue
Covers the whole plant and protects it
61
Function of palisade mesophyll
The main site of photosynthesis in the leaf - contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
62
Function of spongy mesophyll
Contains air spaces between the cells to allow gases to diffuse through the leaf.
63
Process of water loss through leaves
Transpiration
64
Describe the process of transpiration
- Water is lost through the leaf by evaporation - Water moves into the roots via osmosis - Water is drawn up and moves up the stem to replace the lost water
65
Factors affecting rate of transpiration
1. Temperature 2. Humidity 3. Light intensity 4. Wind
66
How light intensity affects transpiration
An increased light intensity would increase the rate of photosynthesis. The stomata will be open to increase the rate at which carbon dioxide enters and therefore more water will be lost from the leaves due to evaporation; therefore increasing the rate of transpiration
67
How humidity affects transpiration
If the air around a leaf has a low concentration of water molecules (less humid, dry conditions). The concentration gradient between water molecules in the leaf and the surrounding air will be quite steep. Therefore, water molecules will evaporate from the surface off the leaf more readily, increasing the rate of transpiration
68
How does temperature affect transpiration
An increase in temperature will mean that molecules move more rapidly, this would cause more water molecules to evaporate from the surface of the leaf and an increase in transpiration. A temperature increase would also cause the rate of photosynthesis to increase, this means the stomata are open for gas exchange and so more water will leave the surface of the leaf, once again increasing the rate of transpiration
69
How does wind affect transpiration?
If a plant is in windy conditions it will mean that there will be an increase in the rate of evaporation from the surface of the leaf as water molecules will be taken away more easily, this will increase the rate of transpiration.

Combined Science - Biology - Higher (6 decks)

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