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B4 health matters Flashcards

1
Q

Good health

A

Having a complete physical and mental health

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2
Q

Bad health caused by

A

Disease
Diet
Stress
Life situations

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3
Q

Communicable

A

Spread easily

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4
Q

Non communicable

A

Can’t be spread

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5
Q

Bad diets and their effects

A

High fat/sugar- high blood pressure, depression,heart problems, diabetes
Low calcium- osteoporosis
Red meat/ processes meat- bowel cancer

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6
Q

Risk factors

A

Increase the chance of having a disease

Eg. Lifestyle, diet, exercise, workplace, relationship

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7
Q

Non communicable disease factors

A

Cardio- diet,obesity,age,genetics,exercise
Lung- smoking, cleanness of environment
Liver- alcohol,diet,obesity,genetics,drugs,viral infection
Type 2 diabetes- genetics, diet,obesity,exercise

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8
Q

Human and financial costs of smoking

A

Health problems to you or child, death
Expensive,loss of income,small workforce
Financial burden of healthcare costs on local, national and global economies

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9
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganism that cause infectious diseases. They depend on their hosts to provide the conditions and nutrients they need to grow and reproduce.

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10
Q

Pathogens can be

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Protist
Fungi

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11
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

Contaminated food and water pass through the mouth
Microorganisms in the air enter the nose
Microorganisms enter through the skin when skin is cut, bitten by insects or infected needles are used
Sexually transmitted diseases can be caught through the contact with infected reproductive organs

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12
Q

Bacteria and viruses

A

B- produce toxins that damage tissues and make us feel ill

V- live and reproduce inside cells, damaging them

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13
Q

Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF)

A

Symptoms-fever,headache,diarrhoea,nausea and rashes
Prevention- reduce contact with infected animals, wear protective clothing, wash hand frequently, isolation of infected people and safe burials of the dead, travel restrictions

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14
Q

Bacteria

A

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea (STD)

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15
Q

B symptoms

A

S- fever, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea

G- thick yellow/ green discharge from vagina/penis pain when urinating

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16
Q

B transmission/ spread

A

S- ingesting contaminated food, preparing food in unhygienic conditions
G- sexual activity

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17
Q

B control measures & treatment

A

S- chicken gets vaccinated, prepare food in hygienic conditions
G- condom, antibiotics

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18
Q

Viruses

A

Measles
HIV
TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)

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19
Q

V Symptoms

A

M- fever, red rash
HIV- flu like symptoms
TMV- leaves discoloured mosaic pattern, reduce photosynthesis

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20
Q

V transmission/ spread

A

M- droplet infection
HIV- direct contact
TMV- enters plant via wounds

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21
Q

V control measures and treatment

A

M- vaccinations (MMR vaccine)
HIV- antiretroviral drugs,condoms,no needle sharing
TMV- removal of infected plant material, controlling pests, sterilising tools, washing hands

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22
Q

Fungal

A

Rose black spot

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23
Q

F symptoms

A

Black spots on leaves and stem
Leaves fall off prematurely
Can be purple
Spreads rapidly

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24
Q

F Transmission/spread

A 
Water
Wind
Optimum temp 24
Spores realised in warm wet conditions 
7 hours to germinate
Symptoms show after 3-10 days 
Spores produce every 3 weeks
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25
F control measures & treatment
``` Burn leaves Compost (especially mulch) Fungicide Pruning(fertilise afterwards) Sterilise tools ```
26
Protist
Malaria
27
P symptoms
``` Nausea/vomiting Fevers Kidney failure Mental confusion Headaches Diarrhoea Cough Muscle pains Seizures ```
28
P transmission/spread
Female mosquitoes Protist enters from feeding mosquito Travels to liver to reproduce Leaves liver and reproduces in red blood cells, feeding on haemoglobin Protist in blood passed to other feeding mosquitos
29
P control measures & treatment
``` Mosquito nets Vaccinations Education IV drugs Antimalarial drugs ```
30
How body defends itself
Skin is a barrier and produces antimicrobial secretions via gland in the skin The nose traps particles that may contain pathogens Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus taps pathogens Stomach produces HCl killing pathogens Platelets clot at wounds to seal it (fibrin)
31
White blood cells
They attack invading pathogens. If a pathogen enters the body, white blood cells defend it by: Ingesting pathogens (phagocytosis) Producing antibodies Producing antitoxins
32
Phagocytes
Can leave the body by squeezing through capillaries to enter tissues that are being attacked. They move towards pathogens or toxins and ingest them. (PHAGOCYTOSIS)
33
2 types of white blood cells
Phagocyte and lymphocytes
34
Lymphocytes
Produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by the pathogen. Antitoxins combine with the toxin to make a safe chemical. Antitoxins are specific to a particular toxin.
35
Antibodies
Cause cell lysis (the pathogens burst) Bind the pathogens and destroy them Cover the pathogens, sticking them together. Phagocytes then ingest them
36
Immunity
If the same type of pathogen enters the body again, lymphocyte cells recognise it and immediately make lots of antibodies.
37
A drug
Is any chemical that alters how the body works. They just relieve the symptoms caused by infection.
38
Antibotics
Work by interfering with the pathogen's metabolism. Only kill bacterial pathogens.
39
Painkillers are based on 2 natural drugs
Aspirin from willow bark | Opiates from poppies
40
Antrival drugs
Treat viral infections. Specific to a particular virus Slow down viral development It is difficult to develop drugs which kill viruses without damaging the body's tissues
41
vaccination
Introduces a small quantity of an inactive or dead form of a pathogen into the body to protect us from disease
42
Why do we feel ill
Pathogens release toxins
43
How are vaccines given
Injection, orally, nasal sprays
44
How do vaccines work
Lymphocytes detect antigens on the dead/inactive pathogen; they produce a specific antibody for these antigens Antibodies lock onto antigens Lymphocytes remember the shape of the antigen When there is a real infection, lymphocytes instantly remember pathogen Antibodies lock onto pathogen and kill them before they have a chance to make you feel ill
45
Why is there new vaccinations every year
As some viruses frequently mutate into new strains. Lymphocytes don't recognise them. Boosters are given to increase the antibodies again for lifelong protection
46
New drugs are tested and trial led each year before being prescribed to ensure they are
Effective- able to prevent or cure a disease, or make you feel better Safe- not too toxic or without any undesirable side effects Stable- it must be possible to store for a period of time
47
Stages of drug development
Preclinical testing in laboratories (using cells,tissues and live animals) to find out side effects and efficacy Clinical trial, which use healthy volunteers and other patients. Once deemed safe with low doses further trials are performed
48
Developing new drugs
Discovery (2-10 years) Preclinical: laboratory and animal tests Phase 1: 20-80 healthy volunteers to determine safety and dosage Phase 2: 100-300 volunteers to look for efficacy and side effects Phase 3: 1000-5000 volunteers to monitor adverse reactions to long term MHRA review approval Additional post-market testing Trial results are peer reviewed by medical professionals and only then are they published Clinical trials involve some risk because unexpected side effects can occur
49
Double blind trials
Patients randomly allocated I groups so doctors and patients don't know if they are taking the drug or the placebo until trial is complete
50
Monoclonal antibodies
Come from cells that are clones from one cell. They can be produced and used over a long period of time.
51
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
For diagnosis- in pregnancy tests.mABs are used to measure the level of hormones and the other chemicals in blood, or to detect pathogens. In research- they can be used to locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them to fluorescent dye To treat some diseases- eg. Cancer mABs bound to radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing.
52
Making monoclonal antibodies
Mouse injected with specific antigen to stimulate lymphocytes to make antibodies Extracted lymphocytes combined with tumour cell Detergent is used to break down cell membranes so they fuse together Makes a hybridoma cell, which can divide and make antibodies Single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce same antibody. These are mABs Large amount of mABs are collected and purified.
53
mABs side effects
``` Chills or fever Itchy rashes Nausea Breathlessness or wheezing Headaches Changes in blood pressure ```
54
Draw backs of monoclonal antibodies
Immune system rejects them as produced in mice | Creates more side effects than expected
55
Advantage of mABs
Helps treatment of cancer Healthy body cells are unaffected Target cancerous cells specifically
56
Plant diseases are important because
Plants are producers in food chains | They destroy crops and are hard to control
57
Aphids (greenfly)
``` Destructive small insects that reproduce quickly. Symptoms: Decreased growth rate Mottled or yellow leaves Wilting Low yields Death ``` Are a disease vector Pierce phloem tube using specially adapted mouthparts. Feed on sap, lowering tutor pressure to cause wilting. Viruses are transferred to the phloem by salvia during feeding
58
Nitrate
Make amino acids= protein synthesis | Deficiency= stunted growth
59
Magnesium
Needed to make chlorophyll | Deficiency= chlorosis (yellow leaves)
60
Treating mineral deficiencies
Identified by chemical tests and the deficient mineral can be added to the soil. Sometimes it is more convenient to add a general-purpose fertiliser
61
Plant diseases can be indicated by:
``` Stunted growth Spots on leaves Areas of decay (rot) Growths Malformed stems or leaves Discolouration The presence of pests ```
62
Identification of diseases can be made by:
Reference to a gardening manual or website Taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen Use testing kits
63
Physical plant defences
Layers of dead cells around stem prevent pests from entering Tough waxy leaf cuticles that prevent pathogens entering epidermis Cellulose cell walls which prevent pathogens from entering cells
64
Mechanical defences
Thorns and hairs- thorns impale insects, hairs prevent larvae reaching epidermis Leaves droop/curl at touch- cells collapse Mimicry-trick animals into not feeding/ laying eggs
65
Chemical defences
Production of antibacterial chemicals- increase when attacked by herbivores or pathogen Production of poisons- taste bad to herbivores, can be useful to humans

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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