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GCSE Biology > B3 moving and changing materials > Flashcards

B3 moving and changing materials Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential down a concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane

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2
Q

Lysis

A

Cells swell and burst

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3
Q

Crenation

A

Cells shrink and shrivel

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4
Q

Turgid

A

Water enters plant cell by osmosis and fills vacuole.

Vacuole pushes against cell wall

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5
Q

Flaccid

A

Water moves out of cell by osmosis, vacuole shrinks

If too much water leaves cytoplasm moves away from cell wall causing cell to be plasmolysed

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6
Q

Required practical- investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue

A

Put potato chips in different concentrations of NaCl solution
Weighed before and after
Potato dried off by paper towel
They thought- the greater the concentration, the lighter the chip

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7
Q

Active transport

A

The net movement of particles from an area of low concentration up a concentration gradient to an area of high concentration through a partially permeable membrane

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8
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

Help photosynthesis, respiration, protein synthesis

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10
Q

Enzymes help to

A

Break down large molecules into smaller ones
Build large molecules from smaller ones
Change one molecule into another molecule

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11
Q

Lock and key theory

A

Lock- enzyme has unique sequence or amino acids.
Active site has specific shape that substrate will fit into
Key- substrate, once it is attached to active site it becomes a product
If shape do active site changes enzyme is denatured

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12
Q

Enzyme controlled reactions are affected by

A

pH

Temperature

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13
Q

Collision theory

A
  1. Reactants start to collide; as collisions increase more product is made
  2. Enzyme added holding the reactant in place
  3. There is an increase in collisions between reactants; rate of reaction also increases
  4. Reactants are being used up and there are fewer collisions; rate of reaction decreases and amount of product levels off
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14
Q

Required practical- investigate the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of amylase enzymes

A

Uses solutions of starch and amylase in test tubes to find optimum pH required for experiment
Test tubes are put in water bath at 25 for 5 mins
pH buffer solution added to amylase first then starch
In a spotting tile iodine is added
Black/blue colour should end up orange
Repeated for different buffer solutions with different pH values

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15
Q

Digestive system

A

Long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus

Consisting of serval organs working together to digest and absorb food

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16
Q

Absorption

A

Soluble food passes through the small intestine wall into the blood
Blood transports the products of digestion to the body cells

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17
Q

Salivary gland

A

Produces Saliva

Moistens food, has enzymes to digest food

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18
Q

Oesophagus

A

Muscular walls

Moves food to the stomach by peristalsis

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19
Q

Stomach

A

Strong muscles,produces HCl acid, produces enzymes

Mix food,kills harmful microbes, provides optimum pH for stomach enzymes to digest food

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20
Q

Liver

A 
Produces bile(alkaline)
Neutralises stomach acid, stores carbohydrates as glycogen, emulsifies fats
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21
Q

Gall bladder

A

Small bag like structure

Stores bile

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22
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces enzymes

Provide enzymes to digest food in the small intestine

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23
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces enzymes large surface area

Digestion of food, absorption of solvable food

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24
Q

Large intestine

A

Special cells to absorb fluids

Absorbs water, solidifies waste

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25
Anus
Strong muscle | Releases waste
26
Bile
Emulsifies fats into smaller droplets to increase the surface area Large surface area and alkali pH increase rate to fat digestion into fatty acids and glycerol Fatty acids and glycol diffuse into lymphatic system
27
Products of digestion uses
Glucose- respiration, make new carbs Amino acids- synthesised/built into proteins in ribosomes. Protein synthesis catalysed by enzymes Fatty acids/glycerol- energy,build cell membrane, make hormones
28
Small intestine exchange surface
7m long, lots of timed of absorption Very thin, permeable membrane for easy diffusion Villi and microvilli increase surface area Blood capillaries transport molecules away maintain gradient Between meals active transport is used
29
Required practical- use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Glucose- Benedictus reagent, should turn orange/red Protein- sodium hydroxide, purple Lipid- Sudan 3 stain
30
Spiracles and gills
Oxygen taken in from gills (feathery and increase SA) | Tiny holes along body which open into small tubes(trachea)
31
Skin
Thin membrane for diffusion Moist for dissolving gases Usually have large SA:V
32
Trachea
Spiracles can close to prevent evaporation (surface moist) Trachea have branches to increase SA Pump air in and out of trachea Trachea are stiffened to prevent collapse Short diffusion distance
33
Gills
Feathery projections increase SA Thin walls for diffusion Water pumped over the gills
34
Lungs
Alveoli have thin membrane A provide large SA Moist for dissolving gases Constant ventilation maintain gradient
35
Root hair cells
Found on plant roots just behind root tip Help anchor plant Absorb water and mineral ions from the soil Have long thin exchange surface Water absorbed by osmosis and active transport
36
Fertilisers
Contain minerals are added to the soil to improve plant growth
37
Root hair cells are efficient exchange surfaces as...
``` Large SA No cuticle, just thin membrane Thin cell wall Large vacuole Close to the xylem ```
38
Nitrates, nitrogen
Make amino acids for protein synthesis
39
Phosphates
Respiration Make new DNA Make new cell membranes
40
Potassium
Respiration Photosynthesis Make enzymes
41
Magnesium
Make chlorophyll for photosynthesis
42
Culture solutions
Contain known amounts of of specific minerals
43
Mineral deficiency
When a plant can't get enough of a mineral from the soil or culture solution for healthy growth
44
2 types of fertilisers
Inorganic- man made. Come from concentrated sources of minerals. Don't smell. Easy to apply and store Organic- animal/plant matter. Take time to break down so slowly release minerals. Reduce soil erosion. Improve water retention in soil
45
Single circulatory system
Blood flows in one circuit around the body | Eg. Fish
46
Open circulation
No blood vessels, blood flows freely around body
47
Double circulatory system
Blood flows 2 ways round the body From heart to lungs Heart to rest of body Eg. Humans
48
Arteries
``` Carry blood from heart Blood under high pressure with pulse Thick walls, not permeable Small lumen No valves Carry oxygenated blood ```
49
Veins
``` Carry blood to heart Blood under low pressure, flows smoothly Thinner walks, not permeable Large lumen Valves along their length prevent back flow of blood Carry deoxygenated blood ```
50
Capillaries
``` Carry blood form arteries to veins Pressure falls and pulse disappears Walls are one cell thick and permeable No lumen No valves Blood slowly loses oxygen ```
51
How blood flows from the heart
Heart to arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, heart
52
Advantages of double circulatory system
Blood pressure is higher, especially to the body There is a higher blood flow to body tissues Oxygenated blood is separate from deoxygenated blood
53
Adaptions of blood vessels
Thick elastic walls withstand high pressure Capillary networks large exchange SA Thin permeable walls of capillaries, shot diffusion distance Large lumen, least flow resistance Valves prevent back flow of blood
54
The heart
Right atrium}right venticle} (pulmonary artery)} lungs}(pulmonary vein)} left atrium}left ventricle} (aorta)} body}(vena cava)}right atrium
55
Cardiac cycle
Heart relaxes and blood enters both atria Atria contracts at the same time which forces blood into both ventricles Ventricles contract from the bottom upwards which forces blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta
56
Plasma
Transports substances around the body, eg. CO2 | Eg. Hormones, antibodies,nutrients,waste substances
57
Red blood cells
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells Tiny allowing them to pass through narrow capillaries Biconcave disc shape, large SA:V Contains haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to transport form lungs to body tissue No nucleus, more space for haemoglobin
58
White blood cells
Help protect the body against infection
59
Platelets
Cell fragments which help the clotting process at wound sites
60
How blood carries oxygen
Haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form a bright red compound called oxyhemoglobin Bonds are weak Splits in areas of low oxygen concentrations
61
Breathing system
Trachea}bronchus}bronchioles} alveoli
62
Alveoli exchange surface
Tiny spheres, larger SA:V Thin walls Surrounded by blood capillaries ensure good blood supply Moist surface
63
Coronary heart disease
Fatty material build up in arteries Blood flow reduced and less oxygen and glucose reach the heart for respiration Heart doesn't contract properly
64
Symptoms of CHD
Tiredness, lack of energy | Breathlessness
65
Treatments of CHD
``` Artificial pacemakers Valve replacement High cholesterol treated with drugs, statins Stents, treat narrow coronary Heart transplant ```

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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