B4.2 ecological niches

Question 1

ecological niche

Answer 1

the role a species fulfills in a ecosystem. it includes the zone tolerance for abiotic and biotic factors which determains the habitat. food is obtained via different modes ( photosynthesis or consuming other organisms) and competition is minimized

Question 2

how does a species occupy a specific niche

Answer 2

organism has to adapt physically and by behavior

Question 3

lower tolerance limit ( abundance of organisms)

Answer 3

zone of tolerance= no organisms
zone of stress= few organisms

Question 4

optimum range ( abundance of organisms)

Answer 4

many organisms

Question 5

upper tollerance limit

Answer 5

zone of stress= few organisms
zone of tolerance=no organisms

Question 6

resource partitioning

Answer 6

show adaptation to the ecological niche which they occupy to avoid competition

Question 7

obligate aerobe

Answer 7

requires o2
eg: all animals and plants

Question 8

obligate anaerobe

Answer 8

killed by o2
eg: bacterium

Question 9

facultative anaerobe

Answer 9

grows better with o2 but can live without it
eg: yeast, gut bacteria

Question 10

photosynthesis

Answer 10

main source of nutrition in plants, algae and several photosynthetic prokaryotes

Question 11

examples of organisms that perform photosynthesis

Answer 11

algae- such as pondweed
plants= ferns, flowers, trees, energy from sunlight, use coe2 to produce sugars
eukaryotic algae (seeweed)

Question 12

3 modes of nutrition

Answer 12

autotrophs, heterotrops, mixotrophs

Question 13

autotrophs

Answer 13

synthesize organic compounds ( sugars, amino aids, fats) by using other sources of energy

Question 14

2 types of autotrophs

Answer 14

photoautotrophs= produce organic compounds from co2 water and light energy through photosynthesis eg: algae, plants, protists, mosses, some bacteria
chemoautotrophs= produce organic compounds from other elements through chemosynthesis
eg: archae bacteria

Question 15

heterotrophs

Answer 15

obtain organic compounds by consuming other organisms internally or externally

Question 15

types of heterotrophs

Answer 15

saprotrops- obtains food from dead and decaying matter by secreting enzymes and digestung externally eg: fungi, bacteria
prasites- obtain food from organism without killing it eg: barnacle
helozoic- complex food particles are taken and broken down eg: herbivor, carnivor, omivore

Question 16

mixotroph

Answer 16

perform both modes of nutrition uptake depending on the availabiliy- photosynethesises and consumes
eg: some protocists, venus fly trap

Question 17

holazoic nutrition in animals:

Answer 17

obtain their nutrients ( carbohydrates, amino acids, fats by consuming food

Question 18

how are the molecules absorbed into bloods stream?

Answer 18

large food molecules are broken down into smller ones before they are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells in the body

Question 19

how is food passed through the body

Answer 19

1) ingestion of food through mouth
2) mechanical digestion
3) chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolisis)
4) small molecules absorbed into epidermis of gut
5) assimilation into cell
6) egestion through anus

Question 20

are single celled organisms able to perform halozoic nutrition

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

how do single celled organisms perform holozoic nutrition

Answer 21

food particles are taken in by engulfment of the substance ( endocytosis) and substequen break down & digestion in specialized vesicles

Question 22

what organells are contains within these single celles organisms

Answer 22

pseudopod, food vacuol, nucleus, endoplasm, ectoplasm,contractile vacuole

Question 23

how do single celles organisms perform holozoic nutrition detailed diagram

Answer 23

ameoba engulfs the food particle in ingestion by the pseudopod then in digestion a food vacuole is creates, the food is absorbed then assimilated then egested

Question 23

how does saprotrophic nutrition work

Answer 23

saprotrophs digest food by secreting enzymes to break down organic compounds externally. the producs of digestion are then absorbed.

Question 23

what do saprotrophic organisms do

Answer 23

fungi, decompoers, breal down dead organic matter and release important elements back to the ecosystem

Question 24

what are the 2 types of mixotroph nutrition in some protists

Answer 24

facultative mixotrophs can be entirely autotrophic, entirely heterotrophic or use both modes

Question 25

obligate mixotrophs

Answer 25

obligate mixotrophs must use both modes of nutrition. this is often the case if a type of nutrition cannot be synthesized by thhemselves

Question 26

what are the 3 categories that living things can be categorized

Answer 26

archea, bacteria, eukaryote.

Question 27

how are archea adapted to live

Answer 27

archea are adapted to live in extreme condition such as hot springs, salt lakes or volcanic craters

Question 28

what are the 3 ways that archea get their nutrients

Answer 28

phototrophic: using light as energy source to produce sugars chemotrophic: use of inorganic chemicals such as iron by oxidizing Fe2+to fe3+ to produce sugars heterotrophic: oxidising organic compound obtained from other organisms and digesting them

Question 29

describe archae structure

Answer 29

no nucleus and unicelular- similar to bacteria

Question 30

teath of herbivores

Answer 30

large and flat to grind fibrous plants

Question 31

teath of omivores

Answer 31

molars flat to grind, sharp canines to rip

Question 32

2 groups of herbivore insects

Answer 32

jawlike mouth part= biting, chewing, ingesting, eat tubular mouthpart= piercing leaves or stems, feeding off phloem sap: mandibles, labrum, maxilla

Question 33

how are aphids adapted

Answer 33

aphids has modified piercing mouth parts called stylets. these secrete enzyme pectinase to break down the polysacharide pectin which holds together the cell wall of plants. - easier to access sap

Question 34

herbivorous animals adaptation

Answer 34

specialized back teath, specific digestive system adapted for plant matter, bacteria and arched living their help break down cellulose

Question 35

plants adaptations

Answer 35

thorns, produce phytotoxins that cause nasue, cardiac problems, halucination

Question 36

how do animals resist plants

Answer 36

they hyave adapted to resist agains these toxins, neutralizing some rumminants- they have micorbes in theirgut which detoxify toxins, or proteins in saliva that destrou toxin

Question 37

adaptation of predetor bear

Answer 37

- muscular limbs to hold and pounce prey -claws to catch fish - speed and agility - keen senses + hearing smell - tactics like ambushing, fishing, scavanging vulnurable camouflauge

Question 38

adaptation of predetor snake

Answer 38

- heat sensing pits - forked tongue to detect direction of prey - vibration detecton - venom - flexible jaw - camfolauge and ambush

Question 39

adaptation of prey: antelopes

Answer 39

- fast runners - agility , leaping - keem senses - group behavior , herding

Question 40

school of fish adaptation prey

Answer 40

- schooling, moving in groups - speed - camoflauge in water - sensory adaptation to detect vibrations - high reproduction rate

Question 41

what are the layers of plants in forrest for harvesting light

Answer 41

emergent layer= tallest trees with birds and insects (no animals) canopy layer= thickest with most flora and fauna understory layer= young herbs and shrubs forest floor=darkest humid layers, insects and giant animals

Question 42

adaptation of plants

Answer 42

roots atatch to tree trunks to get up to canopy layer, large to catch light

Question 42

fundamental niches

Answer 42

full range of enviormental and social conditions under which a species could potentially survive and reproduce, taking account tolerance levels to abiotic and biotic factors

Question 43

realized niche

Answer 43

specific set of condition under which a species does survive in a given haitat or ecosystem with the limitation of other species present- these are conditions to which it adapts

Question 43

competetive exclusion

Answer 43

2 species share a niche- leads to interpsecific competition for resources- 1 species becomes more adapted and takes the advantage of resources- failing species dies or migrates

Question 44

example of competetive exclusion

Answer 44

eatern grey squirl vs euoasian red squirel- grey came on top for better digestion, stronger, more adapted to urbun ennviroment