C4.2 transfer of energy and matter Flashcards
(53 cards)
energy transfer
energy and matter can be exchanged in open systems like an ecosystem
closed systems only allow exchange of energy
sunlight as energy
sunlight is the initial source of energy that sustains most ecosystem. it is needed for photosynthesis.all autotrophs need it
how do animals in caves adapt
in caves animals adapt. steams entercabe bringing dead organic matter which supplies a source of energy. energy is produced by chemoautotroph bacteria from chemical reactions with sulfates methane or inorganic materials as substrate
sunlight in marine ecosystems
light passes through water to reach producers. only short wavelengths can penetrate further, which is why the sea apears blue
where does energy from deep sea come from
originates from bacteria which can use sulfides ( sulfer bearing minerals) from the emission of black smokers as a source of energy to synthesize glucose)
flow of chemical energy through food chains
energy enters as light, flows as nutrients through the chains, and usually leaves as heat
plant cycle
- water and air penetrate soil
- rocks broken down
- minerals nutrients released into soil
- dead leaves plants and animals are broken down
- minerals and nutrients are released intro soil
blant grow
flow of energy is from primary producers to quaternary consumers
food web
complexity of feeding relationships by showing interconnecting food chains and the many consumers there are
what do decomposers do ( nutrients)
chemical energy stuck in nutrients has to be recycled. this is acomplished by decomposers such as fungi, bacteria, insects and earthworms
how to decomposers have energy
they are supplied with energy from carbon compounds in dead organic matter suck as feaces, shed exoskeletons of an insect, dead plant, fallen leaves
decomposers absorb the producs of digestion then…
the decomposers digests these sugars and amino acids and secrete digestive enzymes into dead organic matter and digest it externally
process of digestion diagram
products of digestion absorbed by active transport or facilitated diffusion into the plasms membrane of the hypha from the cell wall. fungal hypha digests its path into dead organic matter. digestive enzymes secreted into dead organic matter.
how do saprotrophs recycle dead organic material
they break down commplex insoluble carbon compounds to small soluble ones.
autotrophs
organisms that use external energy resource to synthesize carbon compounds from inorganic substances
2 tyoes of autotrophs
photoautotrophs- make organic compounds using energy derived from the sun
chemoautotrophs- make organic compounds using energy from the oxidation of chemicals
heterotrophs
synthesize organic compounds by taking in and digesting carbon compounds
2 types of heterotrophs
consumers- ingest organic matter which is living or recently killed
saprotrophs- feeds on non-living matter by secreting enzymes and absorbing products
what are the carbon containing compounds all organisms need
amino acids- build up proteins ( collagen and enzymes)
carbohydrates (monosaccharides)- build up polysaccharides for energy production (cell respiration)
vitamins, minirals, fatty acids- cell membrane
how do photoautotrophs work detail
photoautotrophs use sunlight as an energy source. a small amount of solar radiation which reaches the earth is absorbed by the chloroplasts. plants, eukaryotic algae and cynabacteria can use the radiation from the sun to produce chemical energy ( glucose, amino acids) by photosyntheis
chemoautotrophs
sulfer hydrogen and iron sulfides, hydrogen or ammonia as sources of energy can be oxidised by chemoautotrophs to synthesize chemical energy in the form of carbon compounds ( glucose, amino acids)
how do prokaryotic bacteria get energy
oxidation reactions
heterotrophs details
take in digest compounds ( carbons, proteins, lipids) from other organism to assimilate and use them to produce energy or build large complex carbon compounds
process of digestion in heterotrophs
ingestion: taking food into body
digestion: breaking down food
absorption: moving food into cells
assimilation: making food part of cells
elimination: removing unused food
assimilation in detail
the process where the digested nutrients are made part of the cell by building up complex macromolecules ( anabolism). the digested nutrients must be small enough to pass through the membrane of the digestive tract
