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Biology > B6- Inheritance, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

B6- Inheritance, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the DNA found?

A

In the nucleus in animal and plant cells

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

The structures that contain DNA

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3
Q

Describe the overall structure of a DNA molecule?

A

DNA is made of 2 strands of DNA coiled together. It has a double helix structure

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4
Q

DNA contains lots of sections called genes. Describe the function of genes

A

Genes code for particular sequences of amino acids which are put together to make specific proteins

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5
Q

What is meant by the term genome?

A

All genetic material in an organism

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6
Q

Give one reason why it is important for scientists to understand the human genome

A

It allows scientists to find genes that are linked to different types of diseases

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7
Q

What type of cell division is involved in the production of gametes?

A

Meiosis

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8
Q

Name a type of cell division used in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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9
Q

Cells produced by asexual reproduction are called clones. What does this mean?

A

They are genetically identical to the parent cell

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10
Q

Where in the body does meiosis take place?

A

In the reproductive organs

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11
Q

Before a cell starts to divide by meiosis, what happens to its DNA?

A

It is copied

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12
Q

How many cell divisions are there during the process of meiosis?

A

2 (before they spilt into four)

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13
Q

Briefly describe the results of meiosis

A

Meiosis results in four daughter cells being made that will have a complete set of chromosomes (half from mother and half from father) and every daughter cell will be genetically different

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14
Q

What type of cell division does the fertilised egg cell undergo?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

The dividing cells form an embryo. What happens to the cells as it develops in order to form the whole organism?

A

Cells will differentiate into specialised cells

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16
Q

What is evolution?

A

Is the change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time

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17
Q

What does the theory of evolution say?

A

By natural selection, all organisms evolved from simple life forms that first started to develop over three billion years ago

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18
Q

What does it mean when a species becomes extinct?

A

No individuals of the species are alive

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19
Q

Give two factors which might cause a species to become extinct

A

New predators and new diseases

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20
Q

Describe how natural selection could have led to the evolution of hares with large ears, from a population of hares with smaller ears

What points would you include in this 6 marker?

A
  • the original population would have had a variation of sizes of ears
  • those with larger ears would lose more heat, meaning they are more likely to survive over hares with smaller ears
  • the genes of larger ears would be passed on to offspring
  • over time, population with larger ear gene will be more popular, leading to all hares having large ears
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21
Q

True or false

Antibiotics are drugs that kill all pathogens

A

False

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22
Q

True or false

Bacteria can evolve quickly because they divide very rapidly

A

True

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23
Q

True or false

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria don’t spread easily

A

False

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24
Q

How can farmers help to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?

A

By restricting the amount of antibiotics they give to their livestock

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25
Give two reasons why the development of antibiotics is unlikely to keep up with the rate at which new antibiotic-resistant bacteria appear
It’s a slow process It’s very expensive
26
Give one way in which doctors can help to prevent the overuse of antibiotics?
They only give it to patients that really need it
27
Explain why taking the full course of antibiotics reduce he chance of antibiotic-resistant strains developing
All bacteria will be killed, reducing the number of any individual bacteria becoming resistant to the antibiotic
28
What is selective breeding?
When humans choose which plants or animals are going to breed
29
What is another name for selective breeding?
Artificial selection
30
Suggest why dairy farmers might use selective breeding?
To get their cows to produce more milk
31
What is inbreeding?
When the best offspring breed
32
Inbreeding can make a population more likely to get a disease. Explain why
The animals are all closely related, they are less likely to have an allele that is resistant to that disease, meaning a lot or all of the animals will die quickly
33
Describe one other problem which may be caused by inbreeding
Genetic defects are more likely
34
What is genetic engineering?
The transfer of a gene from one organisms DNA into another organisms DNA
35
How can bacteria be genetically engineered to help someone with diabetes?
They cab be made to produce insulin
36
What is the benefit of genetically engineering crop plants to be resistant to herbicides?
It can increase crop yield
37
Give two ways in which crop plants are genetically engineered
To grow bigger and better fruit | To be resistant to insects
38
Suggest one thing the scientists could do to make their results more valid?
They could repeat their experiment with other meadows
39
True or false Fossils are all between 100 and 1000 years old
False
40
True or false Fossils are the remains of organisms
True
41
True or false Fossils are often found in rocks
True
42
Why did many early forms of life not form fossils?
Because they were soft-bodied. They didn’t have skeletons
43
A fossilised insect is preserved in amber The insect has been protected from moisture and oxygen. Explain why his has stopped the insect from decaying
Decay microbes need moisture and oxygen to survive. Therefore, as these factors are not present, the insect will not decay
44
Traces of organisms can also be considered fossils. Give two examples of a trace which may be left behind by an organism
Footprints Rootlet traces
45
Apart from preserved organisms or traces left behind by organisms, give one other way in which fossils may be formed
When parts of the organism are replaced by minerals when they decay
46
What is the order of the 5 kingdom classification system?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
47
Which of the Linnaean system is the largest group?
Kingdom
48
What does the Linnaean classification system use to classify organisms?
Physical characteristics
49
What was the name of the scientist who proposed the three-domain system?
Carl woese
50
What are the three domains that Carl woese made up?
Bacteria Eukaryota Archaea
51
What is eukaryota?
This domain includes a wide range of organisms e.g. plants, animals, fungi and protists
52
What are archaea?
They live in extreme places such as hot springs and salt lakes
53
The scientific name of a hummingbird is a lophornis helenae. What is the genus of the hummingbird?
Lophornis
54
Which part of this word is the species and genus Homo sapiens
Homo is the species Sapiens is the genus First word is the species, the second is the genus
55
Improvements in our understanding of organisms of to the development of new classification systems, like the three domain system. Give two of these improvements
Our understanding of the infernal structures of organisms has improved Our understanding of the processes taking place inside organisms have improved
56
Give two types of data that can be used to make evolutionary trees
Current classification data and fossil records
57
Give one argument against embryo screening
It’s unfair treatment towards those that have a disease
58
Give one argument for embryo screening
It stops people from suffering
59
Which allele causes polydactyl?
A dominant allele (DD)
60
What allele causes cystic fibrosis?
Recessive (dd)
61
What does a carrier of cystic fibrosis genotype look like?
(Dd)
62
What is a mutation?
A random change in an organisms DNA that can be inherited
63
Helen and Stephanie are identical twins. Helen weighs 7KG more than Stephanie. Explain whether this is due to genes, environmental factors or both.
It must be environmental as the twins share the exact same genes

Biology (10 decks)

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