Chapter B3- infection and response

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism that causes disease

Question 2

Vectors are organisms that spread disease

Give one way that vectors can be stopped from passing on diseases

Answer 2

By destroying their habitats and using insecticides

Question 3

Give one other way that humans can help prevent the spread of disease

Answer 3

By being hygienic (washing hands)

Question 4

Symptoms of salmonella food poisoning include fever and vomiting. What substances are produced by salmonella bacteria that cause these symptoms?

Answer 4

Toxins

Question 5

Give two ways that somebody could get salmonella food poisoning

Answer 5

By an infected animal when it was alive

By food being exposed to the bacteria (dirty kitchens)

Question 6

Why is it important to vaccinate poultry against the salmonella disease?

Answer 6

This prevents the spread of salmonella between people, meaning that less people will be exposed to the bacteria

Question 7

How is gonorrhoea spread from person to person?

Answer 7

Through sexual contact

Question 8

State two symptoms of gonorrhoea in women

Answer 8

Thick green or yellow discharge

Pain when urinating

Question 9

Name the antibiotic that was previously used to treat people infected with gonorrhoea

Answer 9

Penicillin

Question 10

Why can’t penicillin be used to effectively treat gonorrhoea?

Answer 10

There are new strains of the bacteria that are resistant to penicillin

Question 11

Name one barrier contraceptive that prevents the spread of gonorrhoea

Answer 11

Condoms

Question 12

What are the symptoms of measles?

Answer 12

Fever

Red skin rash

Question 13

What can be given to prevent someone from developing measles?

Answer 13

A vaccination

Question 14

Name one species of plant that can be attacked by the tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 14

Tomato plant

Question 15

How can you tell if a plant has tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 15

The leaves will have discoloured patches which look mosaic

Question 16

What type of drug can be used to control HIV?

Answer 16

Antiretroviral drugs

Question 17

What system in the body does HIV attack?

Answer 17

The immune system

Question 18

Describe how viruses such as HIV cause cell damgage

Answer 18

Viruses invade cells, and eventually burst the cell, releasing the virus into the body

Question 19

What is malaria cause by?

Answer 19

A protist

Question 20

What are mosquitos examples of?

Answer 20

Vectors (carriers of the pathogens)

Question 21

What disease are roses vulnerable to?

Answer 21

Rose black spot

Question 22

Give one way that rose black spot can be spread

Answer 22

Through the wind or in water

Question 23

Describe how rose black spot can be treated and stopped from spreading

Answer 23

Fungicides can be used, or the diseased leaves can be cleared and destroyed

Question 24

Some white blood cells engulf and digest pathogens. What is this process called?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis

Question 25

What are the body's defences against pathogens entering the body?

Answer 25

The skin Hydrochloric acid in the stomach Mucus Cilia

Question 26

Why are people given vaccinations?

Answer 26

To stop them from getting ill in the future

Question 27

What is usually injected into the body during a vaccination?

Answer 27

Dead or inactive pathogens

Question 28

How should a persons white blood cells respond to a vaccination?

Answer 28

They should produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen

Question 29

What are the two stages in developing drugs?

Answer 29

Preclinical testing and clinical testing

Question 30

During preclinical testing, scientists test a drug to find out whether it worked. Give two more things that the drug is tested for during preclinical testing

Answer 30

The three things tested are: It's efficacy The dosage Its toxicity

Question 31

What is a placebo?

Answer 31

A fake drug that looks like the real drug, but doesn't do anything

Question 32

Explain why some patients are given the drug and others are given the placebo?

Answer 32

To avoid false claims, and so the end results are more accurate

Question 33

In a double blind trial what happens?

Answer 33

Neither the patient or doctor knows who has the real drug or placebo

Question 34

What is a virus?

Answer 34

A small part of DNA in protein coat that replicates inside cells

Question 35

What is bacteria?

Answer 35

A small organism that replicates very quickly

Question 36

What is a protist?

Answer 36

They are not animals, plants or fungi. They are very small organisms

Question 37

What is fungi?

Answer 37

A small microorganism. E.g. a mushroom

Question 38

How can diseases be spread in plants?

Answer 38

Through the water and the air

Question 39

How can diseases be spread in animals?

Answer 39

Through their faeces, urine, skim and water

Question 40

How do bacteria reproduce inside the body?

Answer 40

They can divide many times and reproduce very quickly

Question 41

How do viruses reproduce inside the body?

Answer 41

They invade cells, copy themselves and then burst them releasing the virus into the body

Question 42

How can a virus make a person feel ill?

Answer 42

They burst cells, meaning they are causing cell death. This makes a person feel ill

Question 43

What is measles?

Answer 43

Measles is caused by a highly infectious virus, the symptoms are a rash and fever

Question 44

What is HIV?

Answer 44

It is a sexually transmitted disease that is a virus. The real name is human immuno deficiency virus

Question 45

What is malaria?

Answer 45

Caused by a parasite called plasmodium which is spread in the blood and mosquito bites

Question 46

How does the skin help to protect the body?

Answer 46

It is a physical barrier protecting the body

Question 47

Where does aspirin come from?

Answer 47

Willow bark

Question 48

Where does penicillin come from?

Answer 48

Mould