B6 preventing and treating disease

Question 1

herd immunity

Answer 1

if a large proportion of a population is immune to the disease, spread of pathogen is reduced

Question 2

vaccination

Answer 2

small amount of dead/inactive form of pathogen introduced to body
stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies for that pathogen
if reinfected- memory cells allow correct antibodies to be made quickly

Question 3

pankillers

Answer 3

treat symptoms of disease, do not kill pathogens that cause it

Question 4

anitbiotics

Answer 4

cure bacterial diseases by killing bacterial pathogens inside body
usage has greatly reduced deaths
strains resistant are emerging
do not kill viruses ( live and reproduce inside cells) cannot kill virus without harming body cells in the process

Question 5

penicillin

Answer 5

discovered by Alexander Fleming

from penicillium mould

Question 6

pre clinical testing

Answer 6

takes place on cells, tissues and live animals

finds possible dosage and side effects

Question 7

clinical trials

Answer 7

healthy volunteers and patients
low doses to HV for side effects
then patients for efficacy
then- bigger trials for optimum dosage

Question 8

double blind trials

Answer 8

for efficacy
some given drug, others get placebo
neither doctors or patients know who has real drug
placebo can contain diff drug used to treat the disease so they are receiving some treatment while participating

Question 9

monoclonal antibodies

Answer 9

produced from a single clone of cells

each type specific to a binding site on a specific protein antigen - target specific cells in body or specific chemicals

Question 10

how are MA produced

Answer 10

stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make specific antibody

large amounts of specific MA collected and purified

Question 11

uses of MA

Answer 11

treatment of diseases
diagnosis in pregnancy tests
in labs to measure levels of hormones and chemicals in blood
identify or locate specific molecules in a cell or tissue

Question 12

ads of MA

Answer 12

been developed against antigens on cancer cells
if bound to a radioactive substance or chemical that stops cells growing and dividing - it delivers substance to cancer cells without harming body cells

Question 13

disads of MA

Answer 13

created more side effects than expected

not as widely used as initially thought