B6 - Preventing And Treating Disease

Question 1

What are some sources for most drugs?

Answer 1

Plants and microorganisms

Question 2

What are three examples of sources for drugs as well as why they are used?

Answer 2

Digitails from foxgloves - treats irregular heart rhythm.

Willie tree bark - painkiller aspirin.

Penicillium fungus - antibiotic penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Question 3

What are the 6 features of a good medicinal drug?

Answer 3

Accessible
Dose
Toxicity
Stability
Not addictive
Efficacy (effectiveness)

Question 4

What are vaccinations?

Answer 4

small quantities of dead or inactive pathogen that safely stimulate white blood cells to produce specific antibodies and memory cells.

Question 5

What is herd immunity?

Answer 5

it protects the unvaccinated by separating unvaccinated from the infected with vaccinated people.

Question 6

What is antigenic variability?

Answer 6

when pathogens regularly change their antigens so memory cells do not recognise the new antigens.

Question 7

Why do some vaccines not last very long?

Answer 7

because the antigens change in the pathogen.

Question 8

What are painkillers?

Answer 8

symptomatic treatment that relieves pain by acting on the nervous system.

Question 9

Give 2 examples of painkillers.

Answer 9

paracetamol, ibuprofen

Question 10

What are examples of symptomatic drugs?

Answer 10

antihistamine (allergies)
anti inflammatories (allergies)
heart medicines
anti-depressants
ant-anxiety medication

Question 11

What are antibodies?

Answer 11

a curative treatment that kills specific bacterial infections stopping them harming cells.

Question 12

specific antibodies only work against _____ bacteria.

Answer 12

specific

Question 13

What do antibodies not kill?

Answer 13

viruses, fungi, protists

Question 14

Bacteria which are no longer killed by an antibiotic are _____ to it.

Answer 14

resistant

Question 15

What has made resistance more common?

Answer 15

Natural selection

Question 16

How do you reduce antibiotic resistance?

Answer 16

only prescribe when absolutely necessary and take the full course, even if you feel well.

Question 17

Repeating the antibiotic treatment will now be ____ effective.

Answer 17

less

Question 18

When the bacteria repopulate, all offspring bacteria are _____ too.

Answer 18

resistant

Question 19

Resistant bacteria survive each treatment with antibiotics whilst others are ____.

Answer 19

killed

Question 20

Resistant bacteria survive each treatment with antibiotics whilst others are ____.

Answer 20

killed

Question 21

Some bacteria will be naturally ____ resistant to drugs than others.

Answer 21

more

Question 22

Populations if bacteria are ____.

Answer 22

varied

Question 23

What is an example of a symptomatic drug?

Answer 23

painkillers

Question 24

What is a placebo?

Answer 24

a dose with no active drug ingredients

Question 25

what is the placebo effect?

Answer 25

where patients feel better because they believe they're receiving medication.

Question 26

What are double blind trials?

Answer 26

patients are randomly assigned the active drug or a placebo. Neither the patient or the administering scientists know which the patient receives - to reduce bias.

Question 27

What is the preclinical test on human cells and tissues as well as on live animals?

Answer 27

test that help predict whether the drug is toxic to living organisms or humans before tests on humans take place.

Question 28

What are the clinical phase 1 tests on small numbers of healthy volunteers at low dose using double-blind trials?

Answer 28

Tests that confirm whether the drug is toxic to humans or causes side-effects.

Question 29

What are the clinical phase 2 tests on small samples of patients using double-blind trials?

Answer 29

tests which confirm that the drug works and allows doctors to find the optimum does for patients.

Question 30

What are the clinical phase 3 tests on large samples of patients using double blind trials?

Answer 30

Tests that confirm that the effect of the drug is repeatable.

Question 31

What is peer review?

Answer 31

other scientists read scrutinise the methods to see if the trial results are valid.

Question 32

Why is licencing useful?

Answer 32

so that the government have a list of authorised safe drugs.

Question 33

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 33

pure samples of antibodies which have: 1 specific shape, produced by 1 specific lymphocyte, to target 1 specific antigen.

Question 34

Why are monoclonal antibodies used by scientists?

Answer 34

because they can target specific antigens/ substances/ cells.

Question 35

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 35

pregnancy tests. lateral flow tests for pathogens. identifying specific chemicals/ drugs/ hormones

Question 36

Monoclonal antibodies create more ___ ____ than expected.

Answer 36

Side effects