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MM Test 3 > B6.068 Prework 2: Bone Development and Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

B6.068 Prework 2: Bone Development and Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton component

A 
skull
neck
vertebral column
ribs
sternum
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2
Q

2 sections of the skull

A

neurocranium

viscerocranium

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3
Q

function of neurocranium

A

protects brain

  • membranous part: flat bones, form vault and portion of base of skull
  • cartilaginous part: sphenoid, ethmoid, base of occipital bones
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4
Q

function of viscerocranium

A

forms skeleton of face

  • membranous part: largest component
  • cartilaginous part: mandibular condyle
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5
Q

sources of head and neck structures

A
  1. paraxial mesoderm
  2. neural crest mesenchyme
  3. lateral plate mesoderm
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6
Q

head and neck structures formed by paraxial mesoderm

A

large portion of membranous and cartilaginous components of the neurocranium (skull)

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7
Q

head and neck structures formed by neural crest mesenchyme

A 
face skeleton (viscerocranium) and cartilage
parts of membranous and cartilaginous regions of neurocranium
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8
Q

head and neck structures formed by lateral plate mesoderm

A

laryngeal cartilages

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9
Q

formation of the neurocranium

A

flat, membranous bones are formed by mesenchyme via intramembranous ossification
needle like bone spicules radiate from primary ossification centers towards the periphery

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10
Q

how do neurocranium bones enlarge

A

bones enlarge by apposition of new layers on outer surface, and osteoclastic resorption og bone from inside

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11
Q

sutures

A

narrow seams of connective tissue

temporarily separate flat bones of skull

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12
Q

fontanelles

A

wide sutures at points where >2 bones meet

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13
Q

anterior fontanelle

A

where 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones meet - closes at 18 months of age

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14
Q

newborn skull during birth

A

sutures and fontanelles allow molding - the overlapping of skull bones

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15
Q

newborn skull after birth

A

membranous bones move back = relatively large and round skull

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16
Q

skull during childhood

A

sutures and fontanelles allow continued bone growth to accommodate growing brain

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17
Q

what forms the cartilaginous part of the neurocranium

A

prechordal chondrocranium

chordal chondrocranium

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18
Q

what forms the membranous part of the neurocranium

A

sutures and fontanelles

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19
Q

prechordal chondrocranium

A

lies in front of the cranial limit of the notochord

derived from neural crest cells

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20
Q

chordal chondrocranium

A

lies posterior to cranial limit of notochord

derived from occipital somite sclerotome (paraxial mesoderm)

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21
Q

how do chordal and prechordal chondrocranium connect

A

fuse and ossify by endochondral ossification

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22
Q

derivation of membranous viscerocranium

A

mesenchyme from neural crest
formed mainly from 1st two pharyngeal arches
1st arch dorsal (maxillary)
1st arch ventral (mandibular)

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23
Q

maxillary process

A

gives rise to maxilla, zygomatic bone, part of temporal bone

intramembranous ossification

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24
Q

mandibular process

A

Meckel cartilage
forms most of mandible (but not condyles)
intramembranous ossification

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25
dorsal tip of mandibular process + 2nd arch
incus, malleus, stapes (middle ear)
26
what types of cells are vulnerable to teratogens?
neural crest cells | craniofacial birth defects are common for this reason
27
what is craniosynostosis
improper cell interaction / signaling leading to premature closure of sutures
28
causes of craniosynostosis
genetic >> vit D def, teratogens
29
what controls the process by which sutures normally grow and close
interactions between neural crest-mesoderm cells at suture boundaries, neural crest cell migration, and regulation of cell signaling
30
normal components of suture closure
1. signaling normally causes cells to repel each other 2. neural crest cells normally migrate between parietal bones to form part of sagittal suture 3. FGF and FGF receptors regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation
31
premature closure of sagittal suture
long and narrow head | prominent frontal and occipital region
32
coronal suture brachycephaly
bilateral premature closure | tall skull, flat frontal and occipital regions
33
coronal suture plagiocephaly
unilateral premature closure | one side of face looks collapsed
34
cleidocranial dysostosis
delayed closure of fontanelles | decreased mineralization of the cranial sutures
35
appearance of cleidocranial dysostosis
enlargement of frontal, parietal, and occipital bones generalized skeletal dysplasia (osseous and dental issues) underdeveloped / missing clavicles
36
microcephaly
brain fails to grow skull fails to expand leads to intellectual disabilities
37
causes of microcephaly
teratogens (alcohol exposure in utero)
38
herniations of the skull
minor defects in skull through which meninges (meningocele) and brain tissue (meningoencephalocele) herniate
39
can u survive a skull herniation
babies may survive, but have neuro deficits
40
anencephaly
cranial neuropore fails to close (neural tube defect) cranial vault fails to close (cranioschisis) brain tissue exposed to amniotic fluid and degenerates cannot survive
41
when does the axial skeleton start forming
4th week
42
what forms the vertebrae
sclerotome of somite (paraxial mesoderm) | cells migrate from bilateral somites towards the notochord
43
components of vertebrae
``` vertebral arch vertebral foramen (passage of spinal cord) body transverse processes spinous processes ```
44
what patterns the shape of vertebrae
HOX genes
45
what is present in the vertebral column at 4 weeks
sclerotomic segments are separates by less dense intersegmental tissue myotomes, intersegmental mesenchyme, intersegmental arteries and spinal nerves are present
46
what is resegmentation
proliferation of the caudal half of one sclerotome proceeds into intersegmental mesenchyme and cranial half of subjacent sclerotome changes position of arteries and nerves (nerves now at discs and arteries mid somite)
47
where do intervertebral discs form
between precartilaginous vertebral bodies
48
nucleus pulposus formation
notochord regresses but persists in the disc region as the nucleus pulposus
49
what is a mature IV disc composed of
nucleus pulposus plus surrounding annulus fibrosus circular fibers
50
where are myotomes w reference to the vertebral column
myotomes bridge the IV discs | muscles derived from myotome become attached to 2 adjacent somites across the IV discs and can thus move the IV column
51
curves of vertebral column
``` 2 primary: when first established -thoracic -sacral 2 secondary -cervical (when child holds up head) -lumbar (when walking begins) ```
52
scoliosis
lateral curving of the spine e.g. 1/2 half of a vertebra is missing idk if you can fully understand what this is...you're just not close enough to the situation
53
Klippel-feil sequence
cervical vertebrae are fused
54
spina bifida
cleft vertebrae | imperfect fusion of vertebral arches
55
spina bifida occulta
involved small defects in vertebral arches but spinal cord is relatively intact few to no neuro defects skin covers defect
56
spina bifida meningocele
neural tube fails to close vertebral arches fail to form sac of fluid with meninges protrudes through opening and some neuro deficits are observed
57
spina bifida meningomyelocele
meninges and spinal cord exposed | typically leads to paralysis
58
detection of neural tube defects
maternal serum AFP elevated check w amniocentesis ultrasound
59
prevention of neural tube defects
folic acid
60
origin of bony ribs
sclerotome cells that remain in paraxial mesoderm and cells the grow out from costal processes of thoracic vertebrae
61
origin of costal cartilage of ribs
sclerotome cells that migrate across the lateral somatic frontier adjacent to LPM
62
origin of sternum
2 sternal bands form in parietal layer of LPM in ventral body wall on either side of midline later fuse to form cartilaginous models of manubrium, sternebrae, and xiphoid process
63
extra ribs in lumbar or cervical regions
may impinge on brachial plexus or subclavian artery
64
cleft sternum
failure of sternal bands to fuse
65
pectus excavatum / carinatum
abnormal ventral body wall closure or altered formation of the costal cartilages and sternum

MM Test 3 (31 decks)

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