B8

Question 1

Identify the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, intercostal muscles, larynx, trachea, bronchus (draw a diagram)

Answer 1

-

Question 2

What does the pharynx do?

Answer 2

The junction between the trachea and the esophagus

Question 3

What does the larynx do?

Answer 3

Voice box:
When air passes across sound is produced

Question 4

What does the trachea do?
What is the function of the cartilage?

Answer 4

Trachea:
Windpipe- a tube lined with C shaped support rings
Connects mouth to lungs
Rings- cartilage-> keep the tube open

Question 5

What do the ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea do?

Answer 5

Secretes mucus and cilia on the lining of the trachea so the air that we breath is clean

Question 6

What are the bronchi?

Answer 6

They are large tubes that branch off of the trachea
- one bronchus for each lung (so 2)

Question 7

What are bronchioles?

Answer 7

The bronchi branch off into smaller tubes connecting to the alveoli

Question 8

What do alveoli do?

Answer 8

Air sacs where gas exchange (diffusion) take place

Outside -> capillaries for gas exchange
Inside/lining-> oxygen dissolves into moist lining -> more effective diffusion

Question 9

What does the pleural membrane do?

Answer 9

Sac around the lungs which contain fluid-> lubricates and stops friction

Question 10

What do the ribs do?

Answer 10

Bone structure which protect internal organs

Question 11

What do the intercostal muscles do?

Answer 11

Muscles between the ribs which control their movement (causes inhalation and exhalation)

Question 12

What does the diaphragm do?

Answer 12

A sheet of connective tissue and muscle beneath the lungs
Helps inhalation and exhalation (change volume of thorax)

Question 13

How is inhalation and exhalation related to pressure and volume? What parts of the body relax and contract?

Answer 13

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional

Inhalation:
Intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves up -> out
Diaphragm contract (flattens)
Increases volume in thorax
-> decrease in pressure in lungs -> inhale to equalize pressure

Exhalation:
Intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves down -> in
Diaphragm relaxes (curves)
Decreases volume in thorax
-> increase in pressure in lungs -> exhale to equalize pressure

Question 14

What features allow maximum gas exchange?

Answer 14

-large surface area
-thin walls (diffusion distance short)
-good blood supply (high concentration gradient->faster diffusion)
-good ventilation (diffusion gradient maintained)
-close to transport system (circulatory system)

Question 15

Explain the path that oxygen takes in respiration(simple?)

Answer 15

Alveoli and capillaries-> layer of water on inner side so gases can diffuse faster

pulmonary arteries branch into capillaries -> take blood (with oxygen) to parts of body -> comes back with CO2 diffuse out and through pulmonary vein

Question 16

What is the composition of inhaled air?

Answer 16

21% oxygen
0.4% carbon dioxide
variable water vapor (depends on humidity)

Question 17

What is the composition of exhaled air?

Answer 17

16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide
Saturated water vapor (high)

Question 18

What is the reason for the different composition of inhaled and exhaled air?

Answer 18

Oxygen -> some is absorbed into blood
Carbon dioxide -> waste product of respiration and diffused out
Water vapor -> produced in respiration, surfaces are moist and some of it evaporates into air

Question 19

How can you test for carbon dioxide? How can this be used to show that exhaled air has more CO2?

Answer 19

By doing a lime water test
- set up: rubber tubing leading into 2 boiling tubes (A and B ) that contain lime water
Breath in-tube A
Breath out-tube B
Tube A-limewater stays clear
Tube B- lime water becomes cloudy
Tube B (exhaled) has more carbon dioxide

Question 20

How does physical exercise effect the rate and depth of breathing?

Answer 20

Exercise increases the frequency and depth of breathing

Experiment-before exercise -> breaths per minute
After exercise (min. 3 minutes) -> breaths per minute
Same for chest expansions

Question 21

What are the effects of physical activity on the CO2 concentration in the blood?

Answer 21

Rate+depth-> increase with exercise
Muscle work more -> more energy needed -> more respiration -> more oxygen in and more CO2 out

Brain sense the increase in CO2 -> increase rate, for efficiency depth also increase (more oxygen in, more CO2 out)

Question 22

What is the use of lactic acid in physical activity (regarding energy demand)? How does the body get rid of it?

Answer 22

Keep up with energy demand -> cell respire anaerobically (use energy in muscles) -> lactic acid

Exercise finish:
Lactic acid build up-> needs pH of cells lowered (could denature enzymes) -> only removed by combining with oxygen -> rate and depth still high after exercise -> ’oxygen debt’ paid

Question 23

What do the globlet cells, mucus and ciliated cells do?

Answer 23

Passage to lungs -> lined with those
Globlet -> produce mucus which traps pathogens and particulates
Ciliated cells -> have tiny hairs on the ends and push the mucus up towards the mouth and throat where it can be removed

Question 24

What is COPD?

Answer 24

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 25

Why does smoking and tobacco cause COPD?

Answer 25

Cigarettes -> carbon + other materials are in he smoke->They get trapped in lungs -> white blood cells try to remove -> secrete chemicals -> chemicals do damage to the lungs -> COPD Walls of alveoli break down meaning less surface area for gas exchange Emphysema -> not enough oxygen in blood Can also harm cells lining respiratory system

Question 26

Why can tobacco and smoking cause lung cancer?

Answer 26

Cigarettes -> carcinogen chemical (effect behavior of some cells in respiratory passage and lungs) -> causes uncontrollable dividing -> form lump/tumors Tumor malignant (infectious) -> cancer Cells from original tumor can break away and spread causing more tumors Most people with lung cancer -> smoker or in smoking environment

Question 27

Why can tobacco and smoking cause coronary heart disease?

Answer 27

Smoking -> increase risk of high blood pressure Blood go through lung -> absorb smoke substance -> make artery walls thicker+harder -> cannot stretch/recoil easily Smoking -> higher risk of blood clots -> in coronary arteries -> coronary heart disease

Question 28

How does nicotine effect the gas exchange system?

Answer 28

Stimulant -> affects brain -> more alert ->addictive drug Narrow blood vessels, increase blood pressure (hypertension) -> higher chance of coronary heart disease

Question 29

How does tar effect the gas exchange system?

Answer 29

carcinogen chemical (effect behavior of some cells in respiratory passage and lungs) -> causes uncontrollable dividing -> form lump/tumors Tumor malignant (infectious) -> cancer Cells from original tumor can break away and spread causing more tumors

Question 30

What are the effects of carbon monoxide in the gas exchange system?

Answer 30

Poisonous gas -> affects blood -> diffuses from lungs to blood -> combines with haemoglobin (red blood cell) -> replace oxygen -> body is oxygen deprived Harmful for unborn baby -> prevent from proper growth

Question 31

What are the effects of smoke particles on the gas exchange system?

Answer 31

carbon + other materials are in he smoke->They get trapped in lungs -> white blood cells try to remove -> secrete chemicals -> chemicals do damage to the lungs -> COPD Walls of alveoli break down meaning less surface area for gas exchange Emphysema -> not enough oxygen in blood Can also harm cells lining respiratory system

Question 32

Define respiration

Answer 32

A chemical process which involves the breakdown of nutrient molecules (glucose) in order to release energy stored in the bond of these molecules Enzyme-controlled Can happen with oxygen (aerobically) or without (anaerobically) (less energy) All living organisms (mostly aerobic respiration in mitochondria)

Question 33

What is respiration/energy needed for in the body?

Answer 33

Muscle contraction Cell division (make new cells ) Growth Active transport across cell membrane Generation of nerve impulses Maintaining a constant internal temp (homeostasis)

Question 34

Define aerobic respiration

Answer 34

Requires oxygen Chemical reaction in all living cells in which glucose reacts with oxygen to break down nutrients molecules (glucose) and produce carbon dioxide, water and release stored chemical energy Full breakdown of glucose -> large amount of energy

Question 35

Chemical formula for aerobic respiration

Answer 35

C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O (and release ATP energy)

Question 36

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 36

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 37

Define anaerobic respiration

Answer 37

Unable to deliver enough oxygen to all body cells Doesn’t required oxygen and is the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules (glucose) to release energy without oxygen but is an incomplete breakdown of glucose and releases a small amount of energy

Question 38

What does anaerobic respiration in animals look like?

Answer 38

Mainly in muscle cells during vigorous exercise -> high demand for energy Body can only deliver so much oxygen to cell via aerobic respiration So more is broken down via anaerobic respiration -> produce lactic acid (more energy left in acid)

Question 39

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise?

Answer 39

Glucose -> lactic acid

Question 40

How does lactic acid contribute to oxygen debt? (Muscle thing one)

Answer 40

Lactic acid -> harmful because it stops the muscles for doing its thing (not relax/contract -> fatigue -> cramps) Body recover by -> resting but at a high heart rate -> oxygen gets rid of lactic acid (goes to liver) Lactic acid + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water (happens in liver) Anaerobic respiration -> muscles get energy by paying oxygen Oxygen debt created -> paid during recovery

Question 41

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in microorganism yeast?

Answer 41

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide C6H12O6 -> 2 C2H5OH+CO2

Question 42

What does anaerobic respiration do in yeast during bread making?

Answer 42

Carbon dioxide produced cause the dough to rise Brewing -> ethanol produced give beer its alcohol and carbon dioxide gives fizz