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Question 1

How many bones in the adult/child

Answer 1

26 adult, 33 child; Sacrum bones and coccyx bones fuse

Question 2

What are the most common herniation points

Answer 2

Lumbar - excessive weight of body

Cervical: excessive rotation

Question 3

Primary curve

Answer 3

Thoracic

Question 4

Secondary Curvature

Answer 4

Cervical: when the baby holds up its head
Lumbar: when kid starts to walk

Question 5

What 2 components make up the intervertebral disc?

Answer 5

Anulus fibrosis: outside

Nucleus pulpous: inside

Question 6

What are intervertebral discs and what are their 2 functions

Answer 6

Pads of fibrocartilage

Absorb shock and permit movement between adjacent vertebrae

Question 7

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 7

Holes between adjacent vertebra - nerves go through

Question 8

Epiphysis

Answer 8

The end part of a long bone: often grows separate from the shaft.

Question 9

Pedicle of Spine

Answer 9

Attaches the transverse process of the spine to the bony arch - and all to the vertebral body:
Pedicle + Lamina = Vertebral Arch

Question 10

Process vs Facet

Answer 10

Process: A bony prominance/protrusion
Facet: An indentation where another bone sits/connects. The actual point of contact.

Question 11

Lamina of spine

Answer 11

Attaches the Spinous process to the transverse process:

Lamina + pedicle = vertebral arch

Question 12

Draw and differentiate cervical/thoracic/lumbar vertebra.

Answer 12

Cervical: foramen in transverse processes for vasculature. Horizontal facets for ROM. Bifid spinous process.
Thoracic: 2 costal facets on each lateral side of vertebral body for articulation with ribs. 1 costal facet on distal transverse process. Facets on vertebral arch are vertical - little/no ROM
Lumbar:short, dull spinous process. Pointy transverse process. Nearly vertical articular facets directed medially and laterally.

Question 13

Why are C1 and C2 special

Answer 13

C1: Atlas: Holds up head. doesn’t have a body (foramen for dens)
C2: Axis: Has a Dens (odontoid process- tooth like) process, which fits inside C1. Also has a bifid spinal process
Majority of rotational capability of skull is taking place at the C1/C2 articulation

Question 14

Kyphosis

Answer 14

hunch forward of thoracic spine

Question 15

Scoliosis

Answer 15

lateral curvature of thoracic spine

Question 16

Lordosis

Answer 16

Anterior curvature of lumbar spine.

Question 17

List the ligaments and joints of the spin from anterior to posterior

Answer 17

Anterior longitudinal ligament, Either intervertebral disk or vertebral body; Posterior longitudinal ligament; intervertebral foramen (or pinnacle); Ligamentum flavum (strongest ligament); either interspinous ligament or transverse process; supraspinous ligament

Question 18

How do herniations usually happen

Answer 18

Posteriolaterally, hitting the nerves in the intervertebral foramen.

Question 19

2 Spinal joints

Answer 19

Intervertebral joint (Symphysis)
Zygapophyseal (Facet) Joint - stabilization and prevention of one vertebra sliding relative to another. between superior and inferior articular processes.

Question 20

What type of joint is the intervertebral (symphysis) joint

Answer 20

secondary cartilaginous - designed for weight bearing and strength

Question 21

Articulating surfaces of adjacent vertebrae are connected by

Answer 21

IV discs and ligaments

Question 22

Describe the vasculature of the back

Answer 22

2 types of spinal arteries. Anterior spinal artery (1) feeds the anterior side of the spinal cord. Posterior spinal artery (2) feeds the posterior side of the spinal cord. The A/P spinal arteries arise from the VERTEBRAL arteries and supply the spinal cord.

Question 23

Anterior part of the spinal cord

Answer 23

MOTOR- supplies anterior 2/3 of cord

Question 24

Posterior part of spinal cord

Answer 24

SENSORY- supplies posterior 1/3 of cord

Question 25

A/P spinal arteries provide blood flow to:

Answer 25

Only provide sufficient blood supply to the upper cervical spinal cord levels

Question 26

Radicular arteries

Answer 26

The A/P spinal arteries are reinforced by radicular arteries - branches off the posterior intercostal arteries

Question 27

The great radicular artery

Answer 27

The radicular artery at ~T12 - provide the entire arterial supply for the lumbosacral spinal cord

Question 28

What is the epidural venous plexus

Answer 28

The anterior and posterior internal venous plexus which transmits venous blood inside the vertebra canal. Communicates with the external venous plexuses via intervertebral forming.

Question 29

Draw out the superficial layer of muscles of the back

Answer 29

Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi (connects to the humerus, contraction causes adduction - also helps with medial rotation of the arm), Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Minor, Rhomboid Major Superficial Layer is related to upper extremity function: Manipulate the shoulder - and put the shoulder joint in a place where the UE can do its work.

Question 30

Which nerve innervates the trapezius

Answer 30

Accessory nerve (CN)

Question 31

Which nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi and what is its function

Answer 31

Thoracodorsal nerve

Question 32

Which nerve innervates the Levator Scapulae

Answer 32

Dorsal scapular nerver

Question 33

Which nerve innervates the Rhomboid major and minor

Answer 33

Dorsal Scapular nerve | Spine of the scapula can distinguish major from minor

Question 34

Intermediat muscles of the back: name them and list their function

Answer 34

Serratus posterior superior Serratus posterior inferior These are accessory muscles of respiration

Question 35

Spinal Dural Sac

Answer 35

Formed by the Dura Mater: long tubular sheath within the vertebral canal. Adheres to the margin of the foramen magnum of the cranium, where it is continuous with the radial dura mater, around the brain.

Question 36

Filum Terminale Interna

Answer 36

The Pia mater extension within the dural sac

Question 37

Filum Terminale Externa

Answer 37

As the film terminal internal reaches the end of the dural sac, it is joined by the dura to form the film terminal external. Anchors the spinal cord and meninges to the coccyx.

Question 38

Name the abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the thoracic spine?

Answer 38

Kyphosis: Most common is postural kyphosis. May also be caused by resorption of the anterior part of the spine due to osteoporosis.

Question 39

Name the abnormal increase in the anterior curvature of the spine caused by a weakening of the anterior abdominal wall musculature (may result in low back pain)

Answer 39

Lordosis

Question 40

Name the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Answer 40

Scoliosis: May e caused by an absent half of a vertebra, or wedge-shaped vertebra, or asymmetric weakness in the back musculature.

Question 41

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

Answer 41

runs anterior to the vertebral bodies, connecting adjacent vertebra. Runs from the occipital bone to the sacrum. Helps secure intervertebral discs; prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column;

Question 42

What ligament is typically injured in whiplash?

Answer 42

Whiplash causes cervical hyperextension of the anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 43

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament do?

Answer 43

Runs from C2 to the sacrum but is continuous with the tectorial membrane (which attaches to the occipital lobe); Helps prevent hyper-flexion of the vertebral column. Also protects from posterior protrusion/herniation.

Question 44

What does the ligament flavum do?

Answer 44

Yellow in color - connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae

Question 45

What does the supraspinous ligament do?

Answer 45

Attache the tips of adjacent vertebral spines. In the cervical region, supraspinous and interspinous ligaments are greatly thickened to form the ligament nuchae.

Question 46

What vasculature innervates the vertebral column, nerve roots, and spinal cord?

Answer 46

Spinal arteries.

Question 47

Clinically, what happens if the blood supply is disrupted to the spinal cord?

Answer 47

Paresis or paralysis.

Question 48

What (2) vasculature runs along the vertebral column and brings blood to the heart?

Answer 48

External vertebral venous plexus: lies external to the vertebral canal Internal vertebral venous plexus: lies within the vertebral canal.

Question 49

What is the foramen magnum?

Answer 49

The hole in the back of the scull through which vasculature runs down

Question 50

What are the vertebral plexuses important?

Answer 50

They provide a route for the spread of infection or cancerous cell metastasis to the vertebrae, spinal cord, or brain.