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(116 cards)

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1
Q

Spinal injuries during athletic competition account for what percentage of all spinal injuries?

A

10%-15%

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2
Q

How many vertebrae comprise the spinal column?

A

33

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3
Q

What is the space where the spinal nerve roots exit the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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4
Q

How many pairs of foramina perforate the sacral bone allowing for the passage of the dorsal and ventral primary divisions of the sacral plexus?

A

4 Pairs

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5
Q

Which of the following describes the first sacral vertebra failing to unit with the remainder of the sacrum?

A

Lumbarization

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6
Q

How many intervertebral disks are found along the spinal column?

A

23

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7
Q

Amount of stress placed on the lumbar intervertebral disks when a person is standing?

A

100 kg of pressure

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8
Q

Amount of stress placed on the lumbar intervertebral disks when a person is in the supine position?

A

75 kg of pressure

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9
Q

The stress placed on the lumbar intervertebral disks when a person is sitting and leaning forward increases to what amount?

A

275 kg of pressure

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10
Q

The primary function of the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) is to limit what spinal motion?

A

EXTension

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11
Q

What spinal motion is limited by the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)?

A

Flexion

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12
Q

Which ligament forms the posterior margin of the vertebral canal?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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13
Q

What is the ligament that reinforces the facet joints and has an elastic property that assists the trunk in returning from flexion to the neutral position?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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14
Q

How many total number of nerve root pairs exist in the spinal column?

A

31 pairs

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15
Q

What do the posterior branches of nerve roots L2, L3, and L4 converge to form?

A

Femoral Nerve

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16
Q

What is the primary flexor of the spine?

A

Rectus abdominis

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17
Q

Muscle group that is the primary mover for spinal extension and controls the rate of spinal flexion against gravity through eccentric contractions?

A

Erector spinae group

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18
Q

Muscle group that is formed by the semispinalis, multifidus, and rotator muscles?

A

Transversospinal group

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19
Q

Sciatic nerve dysfunction symptoms can result commonly from a muscle spasm of which of the following?

A

Piriformis

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20
Q

What is a classic procedure used to determine whether an individual is malingering during the performance of functional and special tests?

A

Hoover test

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21
Q

During a functional assessment, the patient is standing with the involved-side leg flexed at the hip and knee with the pelvis tilted to the involved side. What is the name for this postures?

A

Mannequin

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22
Q

What special test is used to place a rotator stress on the SI joint by forcing one hip into hyperextension?

A

Gaenslen’s test

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23
Q

The spinal column plays a role in protection and ROM. The _____ segment has the greatest ROM and the _____ segment offers the greatest protection.

A

cervical; thoracic

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24
Q

What percentage of adults experience back or neck pain in their lives compared with the percentage of injuries to the spine during athletic competition?

A

70%: 10% to 15%

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25
The facet joints transfer what percentage of the weight-bearing forces in the spine?
20%
26
What condition is present when the fifth lumbar vertebra fuses to sacrum?
Sacralization
27
What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
1. To increase the total ROM available to the spinal column, 2. To serve as a shock absorbers of longitudinal forces, 3. To serve as shock absorbers of rotational forces.
28
What condition is associated with mannequin posture?
Disc herniation
29
Which vertebrae normally align with the medial border of the scapula spine?
T3
30
T/F An athlete with a suspected nerve root impingement may self report pain during urination.
False
31
T/F Hoover's test would NOT place tension on a nerve or nerve root, or cause dural irritation?
True
32
Beevor's sign evaluates what?
Thoracic Nerve root pathology
33
Considered the gold standard for diagnosing an intervertebral disc lesion?
Discography
34
T/F Gaenslen's test is used to place a rotary stress on the SI joint.
True
35
What position does a disc have the most pressure placed on it?
Flexion
36
Which two levels in the spinal column do NOT have intervertebral discs between the vertebral levels?
C0-C1, C1-C2
37
Which of the following ligament(s) resist flexion and rotation?
Interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
38
The femoral nerve is formed by the posterior branches of which nerves?
L2, L3, L4
39
T/F The tibial nerve and femoral nerve are branches of the sciatic nerve.
False
40
What two motions will best relieve the pain if an athlete is suffering from spinal stenosis? Select all the apply.
Flexion and Extension (Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the open spaces within your spine, which can put pressure on your spinal cord and the nerves that travel through the spine. Spinal stenosis occurs most often in the neck and lower back.)
41
Goniometric measurements of the low back are more reliable if taken at the same time every day.
True
42
A rehabilitation program should include exercises that result in centralization of the pain.
True
43
Lumbarization is a condition that is normally symptomatic and will require one to seek medical attention.
False
44
The amount of motion between any two vertebrae is small, but motion of the entire column is large.
True
45
The back's intrinsic muscles' primary function is to provide respiration.
False
46
The primary movement occurring between the L1-L4 vertebrae is rotation.
False
47
The part of the spine that provides the greatest amount of ROM
Cervical region
48
The part of the spine that provides the greatest amount of protection
Thoracic region
49
The part of the spine that provides a balance of protection and ROM
Lumbar region
50
The superior facets of the vertebrae articulate with the inferior facets of the vertebrae immediately above form what type of joints
synovial facet joints, aka zygapophyseal joints
51
The synovial facet joints transmit what percent of the weight bearing forces through the spine
20%
52
The common site of stress fractures in the lumbar spine
pars interarticularis
53
The space where spinal nerve roots exit the vertebral column
intervertebral foramen
54
What type of joint is formed between each rib and the vertebral body
costovertebral joint
55
molded by 5 fused vertebrae, this bone fixates the spinal column to the pelvis and is responsible for stabilizing the pelvic girdle
sacrum
56
The weight of the torso and skull is transmitted to the lower extremity through which joints
sacroiliac joints
57
Ground reaction forces from the lower extremities are transmitted through the SI joints up the _____ _____.
spinal column
58
This occurs when the first sacral vertebra fails to unite with the remainder of the sacrum, forming a separate vertebra having characteristics similar to those of the lumbar spine, essentially becoming a sixth lumbar vertebra.
lumbarization
59
This occurs when the fifth lumbar vertebra becomes fused to the sacrum; may occur unilaterally or bilaterally resulting in complete fusion of these segments.
sacralization
60
2 main functions of intervertebral discs
increase ROM and absorb shock
61
each disk is formed by a tough dense outer layer called...
annulus fibrosus
62
A disks surrounding, flexible inner layer is called...
nucleus pulposus
63
how many disks are found along the spinal column
23
64
how are the individual disks referenced
by the vertebrae between which they are found example - the disk located between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae is known as the L4-L5 intervertebral disk.
65
how is the annulus fibrosis formed
multilayered fibers that cross in opposite directions forming an X pattern
66
how is the formation of the annulus fibrosis beneficial to its function
it leaves some portion of the disk taut regardless of the position of the vertebral column and increases the over all strength of the tissue
67
The nucleus pulpous is a highly elastic semigelatinous substance that is _____ to _____ percent water
60% - 70%
68
The disk is fully hydrated at age _____ but fully dehydrated by age _____.
40, 60
69
What positions place the largest shear loads on the disk
lateral bending, flexion places lateral shear, and compression loads on the disks.
70
the spinal column allows for what three degrees of freedom of movement
flexion, extension, rotation, tilting, resulting in lateral bending
71
Lateral flexion occurs concurrently with rotation and vice versa: neither is a pure, single plane movement
coupled motions
72
The articulation between each pair of vertebrae is formed by what type of 2 joints
cartilaginous and synovial joints
73
The union between an interverbral disk and the superior and inferior vertebrae forms what joint
cartilaginous joints
74
The facets joints represent the ________ articulations
synovial
75
the entire length of the spinal column is reinforced by what 2 ligaments
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
76
The broader, thicker anterior longitudinal ligament spans the length of the vertebral column from the _____ to the _____, attaching to both the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disks
occiput, sacrum
77
The anterior longitudinal ligament functions to limit what motion of the spine
extension
78
Where is the ALL the thinnest
lumbar area
79
the posterior longitudinal ligament attaches to what parts of the spine
O: from the occiput as a thick structure, lines the anterior portion of the vertebral canal
80
the posterior longitudinal ligament serves primarily to limit what movement of the spine
flexion
81
this ligament transverses the length of the spinal column and attaches to the posterior apex of each spinous process
supraspinous ligament
82
in the cervical spine, the supraspinous ligament becomes what ligament
ligamentum nuchae
83
a relatively immobile joint in which two bones are fused by cartilage
cartilaginous joint
84
The concurrent and necessary association of a motion around one axis with a different motion around another axis
coupled motions
85
Filling the space formed between the spinous processes, what ligament limits flexion and rotation of the spine
interspinous ligaments
86
The posterior margin of the vertebral canal is formed by what ligament
ligamentum flavum
87
this ligament reinforces the facet joints, and its unusual elastic property assists the trunk in returning from flexion to the neutral position
ligamentum flavum
88
a series of what ligaments serve to bind the sacrum to the pelvis
interosseous sacroiliac, dorsal and ventral sacroiliac, sacrotuberous, and sacrospinous
89
What ligaments are formed by strong fibers spanning the anterior portion of the ilium and the posterior portion of the sacrum, filling the void behind the articular surfaces of these bones
interosseous sacroiliac
90
The anterior and posterior surface of the SI joint articulation are strengthen by what ligaments
dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligaments
91
What ligament arises from the ishial tuberosity to blend with the inferior fibers of the dorsal SI ligaments
sacrotuberous ligament
92
This ligament indirectly supports the sacrum and originates from the sacrum's ishial spine and attaches to the coccyx
sacrospinous ligament
93
Two nerves combining together to form a single nerve
convergent
94
One nerve splitting to form two individual nerves
divergent
95
the posterior muscles acting on the spinal column
latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor, trapezius
96
The type of muscles primary function to provide respiration and movement associated with the upper extremity and scapula and indirectly influencing the spinal column.
extrinsic
97
Muscles that lie close to the spinal column and directly influence its motion
intrinsic
98
the primary flexor of the spine that also influences spinal posture by rotating the pelvis posteriorly, flattening the lumbar spine
rectus abdominis
99
when these muscles contract, the torso bends to that side
internal and external obliques
100
muscle that assists in stabilizing the lumbar spine by acting like a corset
transverse abdominis
101
a test that tests for hernia or nerve root pain
valsalva
102
test for malingerers
hoover test
103
test for lumbar nerve root pressure
milgram
104
test for thoracic nerve innervation dysfunction and the umbilicus pulls to one side
beevor's sign
105
test for nerve root entrapment, buling disc, and dural sheath stretch
kernig
106
test for sciatic nerve pain, disc disfunction at 30deg
straight leg raise
107
spondylolysis
scotty dog fracture, defect in pars interarticularis. Often caused by repetitive hyperextension of the lumbar spine.
108
spondylo
Relating to the spinal column or vertebrae
109
lysis
breaking apart
110
lithesis
slipping
111
Pars interarticularis
the segment of bone between the superior and inferior fact joints, especially in the lumbar spine
112
SPECT
Single Positron Emission Computed Tomography, a form of radiography that allows for best viewing of spondylolysis. Uses injection of radioactive dyes.
113
Spondylolisthesis
bilateral fracture of pars interarticularis
114
Facet joints
the synovial joints between the interarticular processes of the vertebrae
115
Anterior spinal fusion
the surgical implantation of a metal plate on the anterior side of the vertebrae. USed to stabilize spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis
116
Posterior internal fixation
The surgical implantation of screws to hold the spine in place and stabilize facet joints. Used to stabilize spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis

Lower Eval (7 decks)

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