Back and Vertebral Column

Question 1

How many individual bones are in the vertebral column?

Answer 1

33

Question 2

Size of vertebrae increases from ______ to ______.

Answer 2

Superior

Inferior

Question 3

What are found between each vertebrae?

Answer 3

Intervertebral discs

Question 4

What are the 4 functions of the vertebral column?

Answer 4

Weight bearing
Protection
Movement
Site of muscle attachment.

Question 5

What do the neck vertebrae protect?

Answer 5

Vertebral artery

Question 6

Where does the vertebral column carrie and transmit weight from?

Answer 6

Upper body down to lower limbs.

Question 7

What 2 features provide shock absorption?

Answer 7

Curvatures and intervertebral discs.

Question 8

What shape does a normal healthy spine have?

Answer 8

Double S

Question 9

When are the thoracic and sacral kyphosis present?

Answer 9

In the fetus

Question 10

When are the cervical and lumbar lordoses developed?

Answer 10

During infancy

Question 11

What type of abnormal curvature would be seen in osteoporosis?

Answer 11

Excessive thoracic kyphosis.

Question 12

What type of abnormal curvature would be seen in pregnancy?

Answer 12

Excessive lumbar lordosis.

Question 13

Which curvature is inward and which is outward?

Answer 13

Inward is lordosis

Outward is kyphosis

Question 14

What abnormal curvature can occur in adolescents?

Answer 14

Scoliosis

Question 15

What is the main body called?

Answer 15

Vertebral body

Question 16

What is the name of the part sticking out at the sides of the vertebrae?

Answer 16

Transverse process

Question 17

What attaches the superior/inferior process to the vertebral body?

Answer 17

Pedicle

Question 18

What attaches the spinous process to the superior/inferior transverse processes?

Answer 18

Lamina

Question 19

What are the 5 types of vertebrae?

Answer 19

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

Question 20

What are the differences between vertebrae?

Answer 20

Increase vertebrae body size
Spinous process shape
Orientation of facetsWha

Question 21

What is the spinous process like in thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 21

Long thin downwards

Question 22

What do cervical vertebrae have that other vertebrae don’t?

Answer 22

Holes for vertebral artery to go through.

Question 23

What are the 2 components of intervertebral discs?

Answer 23

Annulus fibrosus (layers of fibrocartilage)
Nucleus pulposus (Central core with high water content)

Question 24

What is the role of fibrocartilage?

Answer 24

Mechanical strength

Question 25

What is a herniated disc?

Answer 25

Compression of a nerve

Question 26

How do slipped discs occur?

Answer 26

Annulus fibrosus layer damaged and some nucleus pulposus squeezes out.

Question 27

What 3 things need protected by the vertebral column?

Answer 27

Spinal cord Spinal nerves Arteries and veins

Question 28

What are the 3 coverings of the spinal cord (meninges)?

Answer 28

``` Dura mater (thick and tough) Arachnoid mater (thin) Pia mater (thin) ```

Question 29

What goes between the layers of meninges?

Answer 29

CSF

Question 30

What are the movements which can occur at the vertebral column?

Answer 30

Extension/flexion Lateral flexion/extension Rotation of head, neck and upper trunk

Question 31

What joint is in the intervertebral discs?

Answer 31

Secondary cartilaginous

Question 32

What joint is in the facets?

Answer 32

Synovial plane

Question 33

What joint is with the ribs?

Answer 33

Synovial plane

Question 34

What joints are made with the skull and the atlas?

Answer 34

Synovial ellipsoid

Question 35

What joints are made with the atlas and axis?

Answer 35

Synovial pivot

Question 36

What is the function of anterior longitudinal?

Answer 36

Prevents hyperextension.

Question 37

What is the function of posterior longitudinal?

Answer 37

Prevents hyperflexion

Question 38

Where is the interspinous found?

Answer 38

In between spinous processes

Question 39

Where is the supraspinous found?

Answer 39

On top of spinous processes.

Question 40

What is the ligamentum flavum function?

Answer 40

To connect lamina of different vertebrae.

Question 41

Where can muscles of the spine attach?

Answer 41

``` Head Upper limb Thorax Abdomen Hips Lower limbs ```

Question 42

Where do intrinsic back muscles act?

Answer 42

On the back alone.

Question 43

What movements do intrinsic back muscles do?

Answer 43

Extension | Controlled flexion and lateral flexion

Question 44

What 4 structures are closely related to the spine?

Answer 44

Muscles Nerves (Sympathetic trunk) Arteries and veins Lymphatic system

Question 45

What can reduce shock absorption during to aging?

Answer 45

Dehydration of intervertebral discs

Question 46

What is osteoarthritis?

Answer 46

Pain and stiffness of joints

Question 47

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 47

Compression fractures altering curvature of the spine.

Question 48

What can occur due to weakness of back muscles?

Answer 48

Imbalanced loading of the spine