Back, lymphatics and nerves

Question 1

where is the spinous process of a vertebra?

Answer 1

it is the most posterior structure. It is a process that extends posteriorly and in the thoracic regions also inferiorly

Question 2

what is the lamina of a vertebra?

Answer 2

the region between the spinous process and the transverse process

Question 3

what are the transverse processes of a vertebra

Answer 3

the structures located on the lateral sides of the vertebral arch

Question 4

what are the pedicles of a vertebra?

Answer 4

regions connecting the body and transverse processes

Question 5

what is the vertebral foramen of a vertebra?

Answer 5

the channel in the centre of the vertebral arch

Question 6

what are the articular facets of a vertebra?

Answer 6

flat surfaces on the vertebral arch that form articular fate joints between vertebrae

Question 7

what is a intervertebral foramen?

Answer 7

the hole between the vertebral arches of adjacent vertebrae which spinal nerve roots pass through

Question 8

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 8

7

Question 9

how many thoracic

vertebrae are there?

Answer 9

12

Question 10

how many lumbar vertebra are there?

Answer 10

5

Question 11

how many sacral vertebra are there?

Answer 11

5

Question 12

what is the name of C1?

Answer 12

atlas

Question 13

what is the name of C2?

Answer 13

axis

Question 14

what is the process on C1 that connects C1 and C2 together?

Answer 14

dens

Question 15

what is the name of C7?

Answer 15

vertebra prominens

Question 16

what are the identifiable featurs of a cervical vertebra?

Answer 16

• contain foramen transversium in the transverse processes
• small body
• facets are on the transverse plane

Question 17

what are the identifiable features of a thoraccic vertebra?

Answer 17

• heart-shaped body
• articular facets on body and transverse process for rib attachment
• long spinous processes which point inferiorly

Question 18

what are the identifiable features of a lumbar vertebra?

Answer 18

• large round body

- large rounded spinous process

Question 19

what type of joint is found between vertebral bodies?

Answer 19

intervertebral disc- symphysis

Question 20

what type of joint are articular facets?

Answer 20

synovial plane

Question 21

what is the outer part of the intervertebral disc called?

Answer 21

anulus fibrosis

Question 22

what is the inner part of the intervertebral disc called?

Answer 22

nucleus pulposis

Question 23

what is a herniated “slipped” disc?

Answer 23

when damage to the anulus fibrosis causes the nucleus pulposis to protrudes posteriolaterally through and put pressure on the spinal nerve root

Question 24

where is the supraspinous ligament found?

Answer 24

posterior of vertebrae, connecting all the spinous processed posteriorly

Question 25

where is the ligamentum flavum found?

Answer 25

connecting the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Question 26

where is the interspinous ligament located?

Answer 26

connecting the superior and inferior parts of adjacent spinous processes

Question 27

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located?

Answer 27

connecting the anterior of the bodies

Question 28

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

Answer 28

the posterior of the bodies

Question 29

what are the two kyphoses of the spine?

Answer 29

thoracic kyphosis | sacral kyphosis

Question 30

whar are the two lordoses of the spine?

Answer 30

cervical lordosis | lumbar lordosis

Question 31

how is the cervical lordosis formed?

Answer 31

in infancy when a baby begins to lift its head up

Question 32

how is the lumbar lordosis formed?

Answer 32

when a child begins to walk

Question 33

what is scoliosis?

Answer 33

when the spine bends abnormally laterally

Question 34

In what plane are the facets of cervical vertebrae positioned and what movement does this allow?

Answer 34

on the transverse plane. allows movement in the transverse plane (rotation)

Question 35

In what plane are the facets of thoracic vertebrae positioned and what movement does this allow?

Answer 35

on the coronal plane, this allows movement in the coronal plane (lateral flexion) however this movement is very restricted

Question 36

In what plane are the facets of lumbar vertebrae positioned and what movement does this allow?

Answer 36

on the sagittal plane, this allows movement in the sagittal plane (flexion and extension)

Question 37

which movements are permitted in the cervical region?

Answer 37

rotation, flexion, extension, lateral flexion and extension

Question 38

which movements are permitted in the thoracic region?

Answer 38

very restricted movement but a little lateral flexion

Question 39

which movements are permitted in the lumbar region?

Answer 39

flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion

Question 40

where are the erector spinae muscles situated?

Answer 40

posteriorly between the spinous processes and the transverse processes

Question 41

which other muscles apart from erector spinae act on the vertebral colomn?

Answer 41

sternoceidomastoid and the anterior muscles of the abdominal walls (obliques, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis)

Question 42

at what vertebral level is the spine of the scapula?

Answer 42

T3

Question 43

At what vertebral level is the inferior angle of the scapula?

Answer 43

T7

Question 44

at what vertebral level is the summit of the iliac crest?

Answer 44

L4

Question 45

at what vertebral level is the sternal angle?

Answer 45

T4

Question 46

at what vertebral level is the xiphistrenal joint?

Answer 46

T9

Question 47

between which vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed on an adult?

Answer 47

between L3 and L4

Question 48

between which vertebrae is a lumbar puncture performed on a child?

Answer 48

between L4 and L5

Question 49

at what spinal level does the spinal cord end in an adult ?

Answer 49

L1

Question 50

at what spinal level does the spinal cord end in an child?

Answer 50

L3

Question 51

which organs and tissues are not lymphatically drained?

Answer 51

cartilage, eyes, inner ears, brain and spinal cord

Question 52

describe the structure of a lymph node?

Answer 52

outer portion is called the cortex, it contains B-lymphocytes. In the cortex there are follicles that contain germinal centres these are the site of B cell proliferation and also house B cells. moving further in we come to the paracortex this is were the T lymphocytes are found In the centre is the medulla, this is the site of macrophages.

Question 53

what is a sentinal node?

Answer 53

the first lymph node the lymph passes through after leaving a structure. In cancer the sentinal node is the first node that a cancer spreads

Question 54

where is the thoracic duct found?

Answer 54

between the azygos vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall.

Question 55

where does the thoracic duct cross the vertebral column from the right to the left side?

Answer 55

at T4

Question 56

which duct drain the right upper quadrant of the body?

Answer 56

right lymphatic duct

Question 57

which duct drains the upper left quadrant and the two lower quadrants?

Answer 57

the thoracic duct

Question 58

what is the structure called where the thoracic duct begins and what is the spinal level of this structure?

Answer 58

cisterna chyli | L1

Question 59

which vein does the thoracic duct drain into?

Answer 59

the left subclavian vein

Question 60

where does the spinal cord begin and end in adults?

Answer 60

begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the gap between L1 and L2

Question 61

what is the structure called at the distal end of the spinal cord?

Answer 61

conus medullaris

Question 62

what connects the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Answer 62

a fibrous extension called the filum terminale

Question 63

why are there enlargments of the spinal cord between C5-T1 and L1-S4?

Answer 63

these are the areas whose spinal roots form the nerve plexises so they contain more grey matter

Question 64

what is the cauda equina

Answer 64

the nerves of L2 to the coccyx that extend from the conus medullaris

Question 65

what type of nerve impulses are associated with the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

Answer 65

autonomic

Question 66

name the three layers of the meninges?

Answer 66

dura mater, archnoid mater and pia mater

Question 67

what is the primary function of the meninges?

Answer 67

cushion and protect the central nervous system

Question 68

to which spinal level does the dura mater extend?

Answer 68

S3

Question 69

to which spinal level does the arachnoid mater extend?

Answer 69

S2

Question 70

where is the CSF located?

Answer 70

the subarachnoid space

Question 71

between which structures is the spinal epidural space found?

Answer 71

between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

Question 72

what structure of blood vessels drains the vertebrae and the spinal cord?

Answer 72

the vertebral venous plexus found in the fatty tissue within the epidural space

Question 73

from which vertebral levels do sympathetic nerve fibres emerge?

Answer 73

T1-L2

Question 74

what is the white ramus communicans?

Answer 74

it is the nerve carrying myelinated preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres from the spinal cord to the paravertebral (sympathetic) chain

Question 75

what is the grey ramus communicans?

Answer 75

it is the nerve carrying unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres from the paravertebral (sympathetic) chain to the mixed spinal nerve carrying signals to the effector

Question 76

what is a splanchnic nerve?

Answer 76

a nerve that innervates a organs of the abdomen with autonomic fibres, if the nerve is thoracic the fibres are sympathetic, if it is pelvic it is parasympathetic.

Question 77

between which spinal levels do thoracic splanchnic nerves originate?

Answer 77

T6-T12

Question 78

where do planchnic nerves synapse?

Answer 78

they run straight through the paravertebral chain and synapse in pre-aortic ganglia

Question 79

which spinal cord segments give rise to parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 79

some cranial nerves and S2-S4

Question 80

what kind of autonomic nerves are found in the splanchnic nerves from T6-T12?

Answer 80

sympathetic

Question 81

where do the splanchnic parasympathetic nerves originate?

Answer 81

S2-S4

Question 82

what are the large autonomic nerve plexuses?

Answer 82

cardiac, pulmonary, coeliac, superior hypogastric and inferiorhypogastric(pelvic)

Question 83

what is a large autonomic nerve plexus?

Answer 83

a nerve plexus of sympathetic and or parasympathetic axons often containing ganglia, its function is to distribute both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres to an organ