Bones and Joints Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
superior
A
nearer to head
2
Q
inferior
A
nearer to feet
3
Q
anterior
A
nearer to front
4
Q
posterior
A
nearer to back
5
Q
Medial
A
nearer to midsagittal plane
6
Q
proximal
A
nearer to trunk
7
Q
distal
A
further away from the trunk
8
Q
lateral
A
further away from the midsagittal plane
9
Q
superficial
A
nearer to surface
10
Q
deep
A
further from skin
11
Q
palmar
A
closer to the palm of the hand
12
Q
plantar
A
nearer to the sole of the foot
13
Q
dorsal
A
nearer to posterior of body
14
Q
ventral
A
nearer to anterior of body
15
Q
cranial
A
nearer to head
16
Q
rostral
A
nearer to head
17
Q
caudal
A
nearer to feet
18
Q
ipsilateral
A
same side of the body/structure
19
Q
contralateral
A
different side of body/ structure
20
Q
leg
A
lower limb, below the knee
21
Q
thigh
A
lower limb, above the knee
22
Q
cavities of the body
A
- cranial
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
- spinal
23
Q
mastoid process of the skull
A
bony prominence behind the ear
24
Q
sternal angle
A
strenomanubrial joint
25
xiphoid process
inferior part of sternum
26
medial and lateral humeral epicondyles
bony prominences immediately above the elbow joint
27
olecranon process
elbow
28
iliac crest
highest point of the hip bone
29
anterior superior iliac spine
sharp prominence at anterior end of iliac crest
30
pubic symphysis
joint between two hip bones anteriorly
31
greater trochanter of femur
large bony protuberance at proximal end
32
patella
knee cap
33
anterior border of tibia
shin
34
medial and lateral malleolus
bony prominence on each side of the ankle
35
gastrulation
process during embryonic development in which a single layered blastula is reorganised into a trilaminar (three layered) structure known as a gastrula.
36
ectoderm
gives rise to nervous tissue, epidermis and smooth muscle.
37
endoderm
gives rise to the GI tract and the respiratory respiratory.
38
mesoderm
gives rise to the dermis, bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle and smooth muscle
39
hyaline cartilage appearance under microscope
few cells amongst lots of matrix. Cells (chondrocytes) in lacunae.
40
spongy bone appearance under microscope
matrix of bone with marrow in between, adipocytes in marrow.
41
compact bone appearance under microscope
osteons present, these contain osteocytes in a ring structure around a haversian canal.
42
appositional growth
increase in width of a bone carried out by the periosteum
43
interstitial growth
increase in the length of a bone carried out by the epiphyseal growth plate
44
5 types of bone
1. flat eg. scapula
2. long eg. femur
3. short eg. carpals and tarsals
4. irregular eg. vertabrae
5. sesamoid eg. patella
45
sesamoid bone function
protect tendon from wear
46
condyle
smooth prominence
47
epicondyle
process above conyles where ligaments and endons attach
48
tuberosity/tubercle
rough prominence, site of attachment for ligaments
49
fossa
shallow depression
50
foramen
hole in bone through which nerves and blood vessels
51
spine
sharp projection, site of tendon attachment
52
intramembanous ossification
bone formation whereby the initial foetal membrane is replaced by bone
53
endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone
54
examples of bones formed by intramembranous ossification
flat bones of the skull, jaw, face, centre of the clavicle, sternum
55
examples of bones formed by endochondral
| ossification
long bones, ribs, vertebrae
56
symphysis
secondary cartilaginous joint, bone- hyaline cartilage-fibrous cartilage- hyaline cartilage- bone.
57
synchondrosis
primary cartilaginous joint, eg. costochondral joint and epiphyseal growth plate
58
fibrous joint
joint connected by dense connective tissue, mainly collagen. eg. sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses
59
synovial joint characteristics
1. an outer fibrous capsule
2. an inner synovial membrane
3. an internal joint space filled with synovial fluid
4. supporting ligaments located around the joint
60
anatomical variation
difference in anatomical structures that is not regarded as a disease
61
anatomical anomaly
structural abnormality or marked deviation from the normal standard i.e. anything that is structurally unusual, irregular or contrary to a general rule.
