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Practice topics Exam 1 > Bacteria 1 > Flashcards

Bacteria 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes - lack

A

nucleus, membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Prokaryotes - typically have ___ chromosome

A

single, double stranded circular DNA chromosome

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3
Q

Prokaryotes - ribosome

A

smaller! important because we are able to target this

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4
Q

Prokaryotes - cell wall

A

mesh like

comprised of peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Detection of bacteria in clinical samples - microscopy

A

Morphology

Gram stain

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6
Q

Detection of bacteria in clinical samples - detection of bacterial antigens

A

H antigen
K antigen
O antigen (LPS)
capsule

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7
Q

Detection of bacteria in clinical samples - Detection of bacterial nucleic acid

A

PCR

Sequencing

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8
Q

Detection of bacteria in clinical samples - Culture

A

Metabolic properties

Biomechanical tests

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9
Q

Detection of bacteria in clinical samples - Detection of antibody response to bacteria

A

ELISA
Western blot
Immunostaining

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10
Q

Taxonomy/Classification

A

Binomial according to Linnean scheme (genus species)
According to fundamental features
By nucleic acid analysis

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11
Q

Taxonomy/Classification - according to fundamental features like what

A

Visible features - shape, spore formation, gram rx
Nutrition - aerobic vs. anaerobic, growth temp
End products - production of enzymes or toxins
Surface molecules - unique proteins, sugars, or lipids

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12
Q

Bacterial shapes - Cocci

A 
Circular 
Coccus = just one
Diplococci = two circles 
Streptococci = single strand of circles
Staphylococci = pyramid, grape shape (cluster)
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13
Q

Bacterial shapes - Bacilli

A 
Coccobacillus = oval
Bacillus = longer than it is wide
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14
Q

Cytoplasm consists of

A

Chromosome, mRNA, ribosomes, proteins and metabolites

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane is a __ layer

A

lipid

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16
Q

Cytoplasmic membrane is responsible for

A

Electron transport, energy production

many of the functions attributable to organelles in eukaryotes

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17
Q

Cell wall =

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

Appendages =

A

pili (used for attachment to surfaces)

flagella (movement)

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19
Q

Cell wall - classifications

A

Two major classifications of bacteria
Gram positive cell wall
Gram negative cell wall

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20
Q

Gram positive cell wall

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer

Single inner plasma membrane

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21
Q

Gram negative cell wall

A 
Outer membrane 
Peptidoglycan
Periplasmic space
Inner plasma membrane 
Two membranes!
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22
Q

Gram stain - positive

A

Step 1 - crystal violet
Step 2 - gram iodine
Step 3 - decolorizer (alcohol or acetone)
Step 4 - safranin red
With gram positive it will act right away with the peptidoglycan and when you decolorize it does not come out, so color remains the violet

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23
Q

Gram stain - negative

A

Step 1 - crystal violet
Step 2 - gram iodine
Step 3 - decolorizer (alcohol or acetone)
Step 4 - safranin red
With gram negative the outer membrane excludes the stain from getting to the peptidoglycan so after you decolorize it gets rid of the violet and when you use the red, the color becomes red

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24
Q

Peptidoglycan layer functions to provide

A 
Protection - physical, mechanical, osmotic, chemical and biological agents 
Determines cell shape
Gram stain (pos vs. neg)
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25
Peptidoglycan is found uniquely on
BACTERIA DRUG TARGET! Will attack the bacteria and not the person
26
Peptidoglycan layer is made of what
Linear chain of alternating sugars cross linked by peptide chains
27
What is a big drug target
Peptidoglycan synthesis! Drugs target because the bacteria cell continues to grow, but the peptidoglycan can't grow so then the bacteria will eventually burst apart
28
Ex of drugs that target peptidoglycan synthesis
Bacitracin Cycloserine Vancomysin
29
Gram positive envelope - major components
Petidoglycan | Teichoic acid
30
Gram positive envelope - major components - peptidoglycan
Many layers in gram pos (thick) Extensive crosslinking Peptidoglycan cen be degraded by treatment with lysozyme (found in tears and mucous)
31
Gram positive envelope - major components - teichoic acid
PG associated PM associated - lipoteichoic acid Teichoic acid is only in gram pos!
32
Gram negative envelope - major components
one layer of peptidoglycan (PG) | PG is in the space between inner and outer membrane (the periplasmic space)
33
Gram negative outer membrane
Permeability barrier Risk of porins - allow diffusion of small hydrophlic molecules Asymmetric phospholipid bilayer - inner leaflet contains phospholipids, outer leaflet has unique molecule called lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
34
Gram negative outer membrane - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin
Potent activator of the immune system Causes inflammation and can cause septic shock Major component of the Gram neg outer membrane
35
Gram negative outer membrane - lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin - Comprised of
3 subunits Lipid A!!! (main particle of polysaccharide) Core polysaccharide O antigen
36
Bacteria with unique cell wall composition - cell wall with less bacteria
Mycoplasma
37
Bacteria with unique cell wall composition - Acid fast bacteria
Mycobacteria, Nocardia, Corynebacterim... Complex cell envelope Mycolic acids High glycolipid content in envelope Thick waxy membranous layer outside the peptidoglycan Only one membrane
38
Bacteria with unique cell wall composition - acid fast stain
Stained red by carbol fuchsin Acid alcohol destain Methylene blue use to counter stain and label other bacteria Acid fast will be red because the alcohol does not destain it
39
Appendages - Pili/Fimbrae
Proteinaceous hair-like projections (on surface of gram pos and neg cells) Multiple types of pili (dynamic or static) Function depends on type - Conjunction (exchange of DNA), Motility, Attachment!
40
Appendages - Flagella
Rotating helical structures anchored to PM responsible for motility!
41
Appendages - flagella - basic arrangement on cell
can be at one pole - polar/mono can be more than one at a single pole - lopho can be at both poles - amphi can be all around the bacteria - peri
42
Appendages - flagella - are driven by
membrane potential
43
Capsule (glycocalyx/K antigen)
``` Loose polysaccharide (or protein) layer surrounding some gram pos or neg bacteria Hydrophilic - made of single or multiple sugar residues ```
44
Capsule (glycocalyx/K antigen) - aids in what
protection from the immune system - poorly antigenic - antiphagocytic - major virulence factor
45
Endospores - occur with
some gram pos bacteria under harsh environmental conditions
46
Endospores - bacteria do what
convert from a vegetative state (active and multiplying) to a dormant state
47
Endospores - gives rise to
a single bacteria when environmental conditions are favorable (germination)
48
Endospore - localization
Localization of the spore within a cell is characteristic of the bacteria and can assist in identification
49
Endospores can withstand
extreme pH, temp, radiation, attack by enzymes and chemicals
50
Endospores - structure
dehydrated, multishelled structure contains complete copy of the chromosome contains min concentration of proteins and ribosomes
51
Endospores - implications
Can be aersolized Can be found in a wide variety of environments over an extended period of time Care must be taken to sterilize surfaces (doesnt always kill spores) Can exist for centuries
52
Metabolism - requirements for growth
Energy source | Raw materials to build proteins, structures and membranes
53
Metabolism - minimum requirements for growth
source of carbon and nitrogen, an energy source (like sugar), water and various ions (most need iron)
54
Typical growth curve under optimal growth conditions
Lag phase Exponential phase (can double numbers in 18 min) Stationary phase (run out of nutrients) Decline
55
Growth and metabolism - bacteria multiply by
binary fission and growth in culture is determined by multiple factors - pH optimum - Aerobic vs. Anaerobic - Nutrients/Composition of media - Temperature
56
Growth and metabolism - rule of thumb is that in rich media
bacteria divide every 20 minutes at 37C but range can be up to 20 hours
57
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties -
how the organism deals with oxygen | what the organism uses as a carbon and energy source
58
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties - Aerobic
Utilizes respiration to meet its energy need
59
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties - Anaerobic
Utilizes fermentation to meet its energy needs
60
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties - Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Aerobes require O2 to live | Anaerobes are killed by it
61
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties - Facultative
Can respire or ferment
62
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties - Obligate/Strict
Obligate aerobe - cannot live without O2 | Obligate anaerobe - cannot live in presence of O2
63
Bacterial can be divided into groups based on metabolic properties - Micoaerophilic
Grow best at low O2
64
Bacterial genetics - bacteria are
haploid (one copy of the chromosome)
65
Bacterial genetics - genes associated with pathogenesis are often organized in
large clusters, called pathogenicity islands Blocks of genes groups on the chromosome Fundamentally different from the rest of the genome (GC content)
66
Reproduction
Binary Fission An exact copy of the genome is made A single cell divides into 2 (binary) daughter cells
67
Gene Transfer - modes
Transformation (lysis and then neighboring picks up) Transduction (phage infects recipient cell) Conjugation(bacterial sex) Transposition

Practice topics Exam 1 (15 decks)

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