Bacteria

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells do not have what?

Answer 1

membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 2

What are the 3 bacterial shapes?

Answer 2

Spherical (cocci)
Rod shaped (bacilli
Spiral

Question 3

What are the three spherical categories?

Answer 3

diplococcus (cells grouped in 2)
streptococcus (long chains)
staphylococcus (grape clusters)

Question 4

What are the 2 spiral categories?

Answer 4

Rigid helix (spirillum)
Flexible helix (spirochete)

Question 5

bacteria cell walls are composed of what?

Answer 5

peptidoglycan

Question 6

Some bacteria have a _____ surrounding the cell wall.

Answer 6

capsule

Question 7

Describe gram-positive bacteria:

Answer 7

absorb and retain crystal violet stain
walls very thick
consist mainly of peptidoglycan
stain purplish-brown

Question 8

Describe gram-negative bacteria:

Answer 8

don’t retain a stain when rinsed with alcohol
wals have a thin peptidoglycan layer
have a outer membrane
stain pink

Question 9

Most prokaryotes have a capsule or___

Answer 9

slime layer

Question 10

The outer covering of some prokaryotes may protect the cell against what?

Answer 10

phagocytosis

Question 11

Bacteria also use____to attach to surfaces such as rocks and teeth.

Answer 11

capsule

Question 12

Bacteria Pili

Answer 12

protein structures extending from cell

help bacteria adhere to one another or other surfaces

Question 13

Prokaryotes move by means of a ____.

Answer 13

flagella

Question 14

List the 3 parts of bacteria flagella:

Answer 14

basal body
hook
single filament

Question 15

Flagellum act like a_____

Answer 15

propeller

Question 16

Prokaryote Genes consist of:

Answer 16

1 circular DNA molecule in nuclear area

1 or more plasmids (circular DNA fragments)

Question 17

What happens in binary fission?

Answer 17

cell divides, forming 2 cells

Question 18

What is the most common form of reproduction in bacteria?

Answer 18

binary fision

Question 19

Under ideal conditions, a bacterium may divide every ______.

Answer 19

20 minutes

Question 20

Budding

Answer 20

bud forms, separates from mother cell

Question 21

Fragmentation

Answer 21

walls form inside cell and then separates into several cells

Question 22

Transformation

Answer 22

bacterial cell takes in DNA fragments released by a dead bacterium and than incorporates its DNA into its

Question 23

Transduction

Answer 23

phage carries bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell into another

Question 24

Conjugation

Answer 24

two cells of different mating types exchange genetic mateerial

Question 25

Endospores

Answer 25

extremely durable cells that remain dormant

Question 26

Archae do not form____

Answer 26

endospores

Question 27

What type of environments do endospores form in?

Answer 27

very dry, hot frozen food scarce

Question 28

Some bacterial endospores are disease causing, such as

Answer 28

``` Bacillus anthracius (anthrax) Clostridium tetani (tetanus) ```

Question 29

Biofilms

Answer 29

dense films formed by bacteria living in watery enviroments

Question 30

Biofilms attache to______surfaces

Answer 30

solid

Question 31

Most biofilms contain ______specie/s of bacteria

Answer 31

many different

Question 32

Ex. of biofilm

Answer 32

dental plaque

Question 33

Aerobic bacteria

Answer 33

require oxygen for cellular respiration

Question 34

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 34

metabolize anaerobically when neccesary

Question 35

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 35

only metabolize anaerobically

Question 36

List the 3 types of archae

Answer 36

Methanogens Extreme Halophiles Extreme Thermophiles

Question 37

Methanogens produce what form what?

Answer 37

methane | CH4 (carbon compounds)

Question 38

Methanogens are found in what type of enviroments?

Answer 38

anaerobic places, such as sewage, swamps, digestive tracts

Question 39

Where are extreme halophiles found?

Answer 39

saturated salt solutions. ex. salt ponds, Dead Sea

Question 40

Where are extreme thermophiles found?

Answer 40

can live in places with 100+C or in very cold conditions | ex. hot sulfur springs, undersea volcanoes

Question 41

What does mycrobacteria cause?

Answer 41

leprosy | tuberculosis

Question 42

Actinomvcetes

Answer 42

some produce antibiotics such as erythromycin and tetracyclines

Question 43

Symbiosis

Answer 43

intimate relationship between members of 2 or more species

Question 44

List the 3 types of symbiosis

Answer 44

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Question 45

Exotoxins

Answer 45

strong poisons released by pathogenic bacteria

Question 46

Endotoxins

Answer 46

poisonous components of cell walls that are released when the bacteria dies

Question 47

Bacteria mutate______and reproduce_______.

Answer 47

frequently | rapidly

Question 48

Bacteria in _____are resistant to antibiotics

Answer 48

biofilms

Question 49

R factors

Answer 49

plasmids with genes for antibiotic resistance

Question 50

Some____produce antibiotics

Answer 50

bacteria

Question 51

Bioremediation

Answer 51

using microorganisms to detoxify or remove oil, gas, and other pollutants