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Biology 2 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological diversity (biodiversity):

A

variety of living organisms considered at 3 levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem

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2
Q

Systematics:

A

scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

Taxonomy:

A

science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms

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4
Q

Classifications:

A

arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that reflect evolutionary relationships among lineages

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5
Q

Who made the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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6
Q

Binomial system of nomenclature:

A

gives animals an unique two word name. first word genus. second word species

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7
Q

List the taxonomic levels

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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8
Q

What kingdom did Ernest Haeckel find in 1866?

A

Protista (included bacteria and other microorganisms)

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9
Q

Who in 1969 proposed a five-kingdom classification based on cell structure and mode of nutrition?

A

R.H. Whittaker

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10
Q

What kingdoms did R.H. Whittaker add?

A

Fungi- mushrooms, molds, and yeasts

Prokaryotae- bacteria

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11
Q

In 1970 Carl Woese discovered that prokaryotes could be divided into 2 kingdoms. What were they?

A

Bacteria

Archae

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12
Q

Many biologists have done away with Kingdom Protista and replaced it with five “supergroups” based on molecular data. what are the supergroups?

A 
Excavates
Chromalveolates
Rhizarians
Archaeplastids
Unikonts
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13
Q

List Excavates:

A

diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenoids
trypanosomes

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14
Q

List Chromalveolates:

A 
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexans
water molds
diatoms
brown algae
golden algae
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15
Q

List Rhizarians:

A

forams

actinopods

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16
Q

List Archaeplastids:

A

Red Algae

Green Algae

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17
Q

List Unikonts:

A

amoebozoa

choanoflagellates

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18
Q

There are three domains. What are they?

A

Archae
Bacteria
Eukarya

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19
Q

Define clade:

A

group of organisms that share characters inherited from a “common ancestor”

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20
Q

Define PhyloCode:

A

organisms are grouped into clades based on evolutionary relationships

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21
Q

A _______ is a type of phylogenetic tree in which each branch represents a clade.

A

cladogram

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22
Q

Vertical Gene Transfer

A

when genes are transmitted from parent to offspring within the same species

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23
Q

Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer

A

gene swapping between organisms in one taxon and unrelated organism in another taxon

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24
Q

Ex. of horizontal gene transfer.

A

exchange of DNA among different populations or species of bacteria

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25
Endosymbiosis
one organism living inside the cell of another. can cause horizontal gene transfer to occur
26
Phylogengy
evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
27
Homologous traits
structures derived from a recent common ancestor
28
Identifying homologous traits is important in inferring_________.
Phylogeny
29
Convergant Evolution
similar structures sometimes evolve when unrelated species adapt to similar environmental conditions (ex. sharks and dolphins)
30
Reversal
trait revers to its ancestral state
31
characteristic that appears homologous bust is acquired by convergent evolution or reversal is known as?
homoplasy
32
Shared ancestral characters is aka?
pleisiomorphies
33
Define shared ancestral characters:
features that were present in an ancestral species and remain present in all groups descended from that ancestor
34
Shared derived characters aka?
synapomorphies
35
Define shared derived characters:
different (novel) traits that evolve when 2 populations become separated and begin to evolve independently
36
Variations in structure of specific macro-molecules, like differences in anatomical structure, result from what?
mutations
37
DNA and RNA are like a genetic marker or____
barcode
38
Molecular systematics focuses on what?
molecular structures to clarify evolutionary relationships
39
Macromolecules that are functionally similar in 2 different types of organisms are considered____ if their subunit sequence is smaller.
homologous
40
The more subunit sequences of 2 species correspond, the more closely related the _____are.
species
41
Ribosomal RNA has supposedly been used to determine evolutionary relationships among_____.
bacteria
42
What are the 3 types of taxonomic relationships that cladograms show?
monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic
43
What is a monophyleetic (clade) group?
it includes an ancestral species and all its descendants | defined by shared derived characters
44
_______share the most recent common ancestor on a cladogram.
Sister taxa
45
What is a paraphyletic group?
contains a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants
46
What is a polyphyletic group?
Consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share the same common recent ancestor
47
What type of group "misrepresents" evolutionary relationships?
polyphyletic
48
Phenetic Approach (Numerical taxonomy)
based on the number of shared characters
49
Phenetic Approach does not distinguish between __ and_____.
shared ancestral characters | shared derived characters
50
Phenetic approach is used with _______.
molecular data
51
Cladistics (Phylogenetic Systematics)
based on recent commn ancestory
52
Cladistics is expressed in ______
cladograms.
53
Ex. of cladistics.
crocs, dinos, and birds constitute a clade
54
Evolutionary systematic approach
uses phenotypic similarity and a combination of shared ancestral characters and shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships and classifications
55
Evolutionary systematic approach recognizes both _______ and ________ taxa
monophletic | paraphyletic
56
Parsimony
choose the simplest explanation to interpet data
57
Who and what year discovered the virus?
Martinus Beijerinck in 1898
58
Viruses are the most numerous ________ on earth.
microrganism
59
Virologists
biologist who study viruses
60
Virology
the study of viruses
61
Are viruses living/nonliving? Why?
Nonliving | Not composed of cells; can't carry on metabolic processes; can't reproduce on their own
62
Obligate intracellular parasites
nonliving parasite dependent on a living host to replicate
63
Most viruses range from___to___
20 | 300nm
64
What is the largest virus?
Mimivirus | 400 nm
65
Some viruses even effect other viruses
true dat
66
Describe a virus:
nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat
67
Capsid
protein coat that surrounds a virus
68
What is in the nucleic acid core of a virus?
DNA or RNA

Biology 2 (4 decks)

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