Flashcards in Test 1 Deck (68)
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1
Biological diversity (biodiversity):
variety of living organisms considered at 3 levels: genetic, species, and ecosystem
2
Systematics:
scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
3
Taxonomy:
science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms
4
Classifications:
arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that reflect evolutionary relationships among lineages
5
Who made the binomial system of nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
6
Binomial system of nomenclature:
gives animals an unique two word name. first word genus. second word species
7
List the taxonomic levels
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
8
What kingdom did Ernest Haeckel find in 1866?
Protista (included bacteria and other microorganisms)
9
Who in 1969 proposed a five-kingdom classification based on cell structure and mode of nutrition?
R.H. Whittaker
10
What kingdoms did R.H. Whittaker add?
Fungi- mushrooms, molds, and yeasts
Prokaryotae- bacteria
11
In 1970 Carl Woese discovered that prokaryotes could be divided into 2 kingdoms. What were they?
Bacteria
Archae
12
Many biologists have done away with Kingdom Protista and replaced it with five "supergroups" based on molecular data. what are the supergroups?
Excavates
Chromalveolates
Rhizarians
Archaeplastids
Unikonts
13
List Excavates:
diplomonads
parabasalids
euglenoids
trypanosomes
14
List Chromalveolates:
Dinoflagellates
Ciliates
Apicomplexans
water molds
diatoms
brown algae
golden algae
15
List Rhizarians:
forams
actinopods
16
List Archaeplastids:
Red Algae
Green Algae
17
List Unikonts:
amoebozoa
choanoflagellates
18
There are three domains. What are they?
Archae
Bacteria
Eukarya
19
Define clade:
group of organisms that share characters inherited from a "common ancestor"
20
Define PhyloCode:
organisms are grouped into clades based on evolutionary relationships
21
A _______ is a type of phylogenetic tree in which each branch represents a clade.
cladogram
22
Vertical Gene Transfer
when genes are transmitted from parent to offspring within the same species
23
Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer
gene swapping between organisms in one taxon and unrelated organism in another taxon
24
Ex. of horizontal gene transfer.
exchange of DNA among different populations or species of bacteria
25
Endosymbiosis
one organism living inside the cell of another. can cause horizontal gene transfer to occur
26
Phylogengy
evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
27
Homologous traits
structures derived from a recent common ancestor
28
Identifying homologous traits is important in inferring_________.
Phylogeny
29
Convergant Evolution
similar structures sometimes evolve when unrelated species adapt to similar environmental conditions (ex. sharks and dolphins)
30
