Bacteria

Question 1

Define communicability

Answer 1

The ability to spread from one individual to others

Question 2

Name a disease with high communicability. And low communicability.

Answer 2

Measles - High

HIV - Low

Question 3

Define Immunogenicity

Answer 3

The ability of pathogens to induce an immune respone

Question 4

Define infectivity

Answer 4

The ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

Question 5

Define Mechanism of Action

Answer 5

How microogranisms damage tissues

Question 6

Define Pathogenicity

Answer 6

The ability of an agent to produce disease

Question 7

Define portal of entry

Answer 7

The route by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host

Question 8

Define Toxigenicity

Answer 8

The ability of a pathogen to poduce soluble toxins or endotoxins

Question 9

Define Virulence

Answer 9

The capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease

Question 10

Name a disease with low virulence and high virulence

Answer 10

Measles - Low

Rabies - High

Question 11

Define Symbiosis

Answer 11

Benefits only the human; no harm to the microorganism

Question 12

Define Mutualism

Answer 12

Benefits the human and the microorganism

Question 13

Define Commensalism

Answer 13

Benefits the microorganism; no harm to the human

Question 14

Define Pathogenicity (Relationship between pathogen and human)

Answer 14

Benefits the microorganism; harms the human

Question 15

Define opportunism

Answer 15

A situation in which benign microorganisms become pathogenic because of decreased human resistance

Question 16

Name one common microorganism that uses opportunism to become pathogenic

Answer 16

C. Diff

Question 17

Coccus bacteria are _____ in shape.

Answer 17

Spherical

Question 18

Staphylococci are arranged in _________.

Answer 18

Clusters

Question 19

Streptococci are arranged in __________.

Answer 19

Chains

Question 20

Bacillus bacteria are ________ shaped.

Answer 20

Rod

Question 21

Other than bacillus and coccus shaped bacteria, the 3rd shape of bacteria is _______.

Answer 21

Spiral

Question 22

What are the three biochemical and growth characteristics of bacteria.

Answer 22

1. Type of culture media
2. Oxygen Requirements
3. Nutritional requirements

Question 23

Aerobic organism grow best in ___________.

Answer 23

The presence of O2

Question 24

Anaerobic organisms grow best in the _________.

Answer 24

Absence of O2

Question 25

Facultative Anaerobes grow _________

Answer 25

equally well with or without O2.

Question 26

What is an antigen?

Answer 26

Your cells have coded this as "not you"

Question 27

Where are antigens found?

Answer 27

On bacteria

Question 28

Normal flora create a ________, which make it ________ for pathogens to _______.

Answer 28

layer of molecules difficult penetrate

Question 29

Normal flora work well by creating a higher _______________ (THINK ratio)

Answer 29

Surface-to-volume ratio

Question 30

A fecal transplant works by re-establishing _________.

Answer 30

normal flora layer

Question 31

What opportunistic disease is often treated with a fecal transplant

Answer 31

C. Diff

Question 32

Normal flora helps establish what? (3 things)

Answer 32

1. Innate Immunity 2. Acquired Immunity 3. Metabolic Functions

Question 33

The _________ population in the vagina helps maintain a pH of 3.5.

Answer 33

Lactobacilli

Question 34

A decrease in the Lactobacilli population causes the pH to _______ making in more ________.

Answer 34

Increase | Basic

Question 35

A more ______ pH in the vagina makes it more ____________ to pathogenic organism.

Answer 35

basic | susceptible

Question 36

________ taken for other illness, can kill off Lactobacilli leading to an environment that is more vulnerable to opportunistic bacteria.

Answer 36

ABx

Question 37

What THREE mechanisms can bacteria use to develop ABx resistance?

Answer 37

1. Develop enzymes 2. Change cell wall structure 3. Change internal metabolic machinery

Question 38

What are plasmins?

Answer 38

Small circular DNA separate from the main bacterial chromosomes.

Question 39

Plasmins contain what two factors?

Answer 39

F Factor | R Factor

Question 40

The F factor allows for ____________ to happen.

Answer 40

Conjugation

Question 41

The R factor codes for _________.

Answer 41

ABx Resistance

Question 42

Describe the process of conjugation.

Answer 42

Bacterium with plasmin and the F-factor create a mating bridge with another bacterium and duplicates its plasmin

Question 43

Bacterium can also absorb DNA from its surroundings through a process called __________.

Answer 43

Transformation

Question 44

Bacteria can develop ABx resistance through a process called ____________, which is transmitted through viruses.

Answer 44

Transduction