Homeostasis

Question 1

Define Homeostasis.

Answer 1

Homeostasis refer to the dynamic mechanisms that detect and respond to deviations in physiologic variables from their “set point” values by initiating effector responses that restore the variable to the optimal physiological range.

Question 2

Is homeostasis an energy consuming state?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What is constancy?

Answer 3

Standing still

Question 4

What is Equilibrium?

Answer 4

Variations around a normal

Question 5

What is a steady state?

Answer 5

Variations around a normal that require energy to maintain

Question 6

Water makes up ______ of the human body.

Answer 6

2 / 3rds

Question 7

How does homeostasis use water?

Answer 7

Homeostasis uses water and its dissolved substances to create a steady state.

Question 8

Body fluids can be divided into what two categories?

Answer 8

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Question 9

Extracellular fluid is the fluid _______ the cell.

Answer 9

Outside

Question 10

25% of the ECF in the fluid protion of the _______ known as _______.

Answer 10

Blood

Plasma

Question 11

75% of the ECF lies around/between the cells known as _________ _______.

Answer 11

Interstitial fluid

Question 12

ECF = ________ + ________

Answer 12

Plasma + Interstitial fluid

Question 13

Define diffusion

Answer 13

The movement of a solute from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration.

Question 14

The difference in solute concentrations is known as the ___________ _________.

Answer 14

Concentration gradient

Question 15

Define Osmosis

Answer 15

The movement of water down the concentration gradient across a semi permeable membrane

Question 16

Active transport requires _____, ______ , and _______ for molecules to be moved into the cell.

Answer 16

1. life
2. biological activity
3. expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell

Question 17

Water and small uncharged molecules move across a cell membrane through ______ _______.

Answer 17

Passive transport

Question 18

Large molecules (glucose) and Ions (Na+, HCO3-) move across a cell membrane through ______ _______.

Answer 18

active transport

Question 19

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 19

The use of protein transporter to move a solute across a membranewithout expending energy

Question 20

What is an example of a molecule that uses facilitated diffusion?

Answer 20

Glucose

Question 21

Active transport move ___ the concentration gradient.

Answer 21

Up

Question 22

Describe endocytosis (THINK: Packaging)

Answer 22

A section of the plasma membrane enfolds a substance out side the cell, folds across the membrane, separates from the membrane forming a vesicle that moves inside the cell - (EX: Nutrients)

Question 23

Describe Exocytosis

Answer 23

Secretion of material from inside the cell using vesicles at the cell surface

Question 24

The cell membrane is made up of a ________.

Answer 24

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 25

A cell's phospholipid bilayer is also known as _________.

Answer 25

amphipathic

Question 26

A cell membrane is ________ permeable.

Answer 26

Selectively

Question 27

What things do cells need to bring in?

Answer 27

Food (Glucose), O2, Water, Nutrients, Messages

Question 28

What things do cells need to send out?

Answer 28

Trash (CO2), Goods (Hormones, carrier proteins)

Question 29

What things do cells need to keep in?

Answer 29

Water, orangelles

Question 30

What things do cells need to keep out?

Answer 30

Pathogens

Question 31

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

Answer 31

Cell division and the control of genetic information

Question 32

The endoplasmic reticulum specializes in _________.

Answer 32

The synthesis and transport of proteins and lipid components.

Question 33

The golgi apparatus has membranous folds which help create ______ _______.

Answer 33

Secretory vesicles

Question 34

Lysosomes are the ____________ of the cell.

Answer 34

Garbage men

Question 35

Mitochondria are responsible for _______ and __________.

Answer 35

Cellular respiration | Energy production

Question 36

What is the ratio of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in AEROBIC respiration?

Answer 36

34 : 1

Question 37

What is the ratio of ATP molecules from 1 glucose molecule in ANAEROBIC respiration?

Answer 37

4 : 1

Question 38

What type of cells do the most aerobic respiration?

Answer 38

Liver and Muscle

Question 39

Fuel for the Kreb's/Citric acid cycle always comes from what molecule?

Answer 39

Acetyl-CoA

Question 40

Proteins need which group removed in order to be burned in the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 40

Amino Group

Question 41

What two molecules (other than ATP) are produced in the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 41

NADH | FADH2

Question 42

Half of the energy from the Kreb's cycle is lost as _______.

Answer 42

Heat

Question 43

The Kreb's cycle occurs where?

Answer 43

In the mitochondria cytoplasm

Question 44

What is the toxic mechanism of CO?

Answer 44

Blocks the electron transport chain

Question 45

Autocrine cell signaling are cells communicating with _______.

Answer 45

Themselves

Question 46

Autocrine signaing is a _______ feedback loop.

Answer 46

Negative (Cell produces signaling molecule -> binds to receptor on cell --> tells cell to stop making molecule)

Question 47

Paracrine signaling travels a ______ distance between cells.

Answer 47

short

Question 48

Nitric Oxide is an example of ________ signaling.

Answer 48

Paracrine

Question 49

Paracrine messengers have _____ specificity.

Answer 49

high

Question 50

Endocrine signaling are cells talking to each other _____ or _____.

Answer 50

near | far

Question 51

Endocrine messenger have _____ specificity

Answer 51

low

Question 52

Neuroendocrine signaling occurs when ________.

Answer 52

The nervous system talks directly to the endocrine system.

Question 53

Name an example of neuroendocrine signalling.

Answer 53

In the hypothalamus, when nervous tissue communicates with the pituitary gland

Question 54

Name the 11 organ systems.

Answer 54

1. Circulatory 2. Digestive 3. Endocrine 4. Immune 5. Integumentary 6. Lymphatic 7. Musculoskeletal 8. Nervous 9. Reproductive 10. Respiratory 11. Urinary

Question 55

What are the four tissue types in the body?

Answer 55

1. Connective 2. Epithelial 3. Nervous 4. Muscle

Question 56

The primary function of muscle tissue is to _______.

Answer 56

Connect, Lengthen, and respond to nerve signaling

Question 57

The primary function of nervous tissue is to ________.

Answer 57

Send rapid signal, release neurotransmitters

Question 58

The primary function of connective tissue is to ______.

Answer 58

Connect, hold, store, transfer

Question 59

The primary function of epithelial tissue is to ________.

Answer 59

Cover, protect, defend, absorb.

Question 60

The lining of the intestines are an ___________ tissue.

Answer 60

Epithelial

Question 61

Blood is a _________ tissue.

Answer 61

Connective

Question 62

The heart is a _________ tissue.

Answer 62

Muscle

Question 63

The nerves are a ___________ tissue.

Answer 63

Nervous

Question 64

What are the 3 types of cellular junctions?

Answer 64

1. Desomosomes 2. Gap Junctions 3. Tight Junctions

Question 65

Desmosomes are very ________ sound (Think welding).

Answer 65

Structurally

Question 66

What type of tissues use desmosomes?

Answer 66

Epithelial

Question 67

Describe a gap junction.

Answer 67

Two cells separated by interstitial fluid

Question 68

Name an example of somewhere in the body that gap junctions exist.

Answer 68

The heart: Allow conduction

Question 69

What are tight junctions? (THINK Sealant)

Answer 69

Create a water tight seal between cells

Question 70

In water tight junctions, ECF can not travel between cells, instead it must travel ________ cells.

Answer 70

through

Question 71

Name an example of where Tight junctions are found in the body.

Answer 71

GI tissues

Question 72

A positive feedback loop ______ the production of the product

Answer 72

Enhances

Question 73

A negative feedback loop ______ the system once a ______ has been reached.

Answer 73

shuts off | set point