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Immunology block 7 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general structure of the bacteria

A

No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Single round chromosome
Cell wall

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2
Q

What s the function of the bacterial cell wall

A

Give shape and protect against osmotic lysis

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3
Q

What is the importance of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall in Gram +

A

Gram positive cells stain purple, because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer that also has teichoic acids

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4
Q

What is the purpose of peptidoglycan in gram - cell walls

A

They stay red

Very thin peptioglycan layer, that is surrounded by outer membrane

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5
Q

What is the function of capsules in bacteria

A

Trap nutrients
Aids in attachment
Immune system avoidance
Biofilm formation

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6
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

Repeating disaccharides with short amino acid chains that stead from them
Crosslinking is done by transpeptidase

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7
Q

What are the 2 disaccharide in peptidoglycan

A

NAG

NAM

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8
Q

What are the 2 layers of Gram + cells

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer

Inner cell membrane

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of Gram - cell

A

Outer membrane with LPS
Thin peptidoglycan layer
Inner cell membrane

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10
Q

How does lipid content vary in Gram +/- cells

A

Gram +: low lipid

Gram -: high lipid

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11
Q

What is the difference in endotoxins in Gram +/- cells

A

Gram +: no endotoxin

Gram -: endotoxin (LPS), lipid A

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12
Q

Gram + cels are ________ to lysozyme and penicillin attack

A

Vulnerable

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13
Q

Gram - are _______ to lysozyme and penicillin attack

A

Resistant

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14
Q

What is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Outer membrane of gram negative rods

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15
Q

What are the affects of endotoxin

A

Systemic inflammation
Fever
Possible fatal shock

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16
Q

What is bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

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17
Q

What is sepsis

A

Bacteremia plus life threatening organ dysfunction

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18
Q

What are three factors that help determine sepsis

A

Brain: altered mental status
Lungs: tachypnea
Cardio: low systolic BP

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19
Q

What is septic shock

A

Subset of sepsis with underlying circulatory and cellular abnormalities

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20
Q

What are flagella

A

Eukaryotic whip, that allows movement

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21
Q

What are pili

A

Short, straight projections

They allow for attachment and conjugation

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22
Q

What are some endospores

A

Gram + rods and bacilli

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23
Q

What is teh dormant stage of endospores

A

Neither grows nor reproduces

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24
Q

What is the importance of endospores

A

Heat, chemicals, radiation, desication

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25
When does sporulation do endospores triggered
Unfavorable environment conditions
26
What is germination of endospores
Transformation from endospores to vegetative cell
27
What is nucleoid
Naked, circular molecule of DNA
28
What is a plasmid
Additional hereditary material
29
What is a ribosome
Synthesize proteins
30
Bacteria contain what ribosomes
70S | 50S and 30S
31
What ribosomes do humans have
80S | 60S and 40S
32
Aerobes need
Oxygen
33
Strict anaerobes are
MUST have oxygen
34
What are microaerophiles
Need oxygen, but very little
35
What are facultative anaerobes
Prefer oxygen but can live anaerobically
36
What are anaerobes
Do not use oxygen
37
What are obligate anaerobes
Oxygen is a poison
38
What are aerotolerant anaerobes
Can grow in oxygen
39
What are capnophiles
Require decrease oxygen and increased CO2
40
What are virulence factors
Microbial products that enhance ability to cause disease
41
What are toxins
Alter normal function of host or host cells
42
What are exotoxins
Proteins released by replicating microbes
43
What are endotoxins
Non-protein released when gram negative organism dies, causes fever, inflammation, possible shock
44
What are adhesion factors
Receptors and ligands/adhesins, some form slime layers
45
What are evasion factors
Evade components of the immune system
46
What are invasion factors
Facilitate penetrate of an atomic barriers and host tissue
47
What do endotoxins induce
Release of proinflammatory cytokines
48
What make/secrete exotoxins
Gram + and - bacteria
49
What are neurotoxins
Cause paralysis (tetanus and botulinum)
50
What are enterotoxins
Gut toxins that inhibit NaCl reabsorption, activate NaCl secretion, or kill epithelial cells, result in osmotic movement of fluid into the gut Can be infectious or ingestion
51
What are the 4 types of exotoxins
Neurotoxins Enterotoxins Pyrogenic exotoxins Tissue invasive exotoxins
52
What are pyogenic exotoxins
Stimulate proinflammatory cytokines release
53
What are tissue invasive exotoxins
Destroy tissues
54
Know lipopolysaccharide
Endotoxin Gram - bacteria Fever hypotension, shock
55
What Protein G
Evasion Sta. Aureus Prevents phagocytosis
56
What are some strategies of parasites
- Elicit minimal response - evade effects of response - depress host's response - antigenic change - rapid replication - survival in weakly responsive individuals
57
Where can parasites be obtained from
``` Air conditioning Food Ab in medicine Immunosuppressive therapy Altered sexual habits Non-filtered water Pets Foreign travel ```
58
What is the hygiene hypothesis
Kids aren't exposed to infectious agents in early childhood, increases autoimmune disorders, allergies, illness, etc.
59
What is the density of normal flora in the human mouth
10^9 /cm^2
60
What is the density of normal flora in teh human gut
10^10/cm^2
61
Review the agars
From first lecture
62
Blood agar alpha reaction shows
Incomplete RBC lysis | Green halo
63
Blood agar beta reaction shows
``` Complete RBC lysis Clear zone (str. Pyogenes/Group A strep) ```
64
Blood agar gamma reaction shows
No hemolysis
65
Mannitol salt tests for
Staph
66
In mannitol salt the agar turning yellow means
Positive for staph
67
Purple agar in mannitol alt indicates what
Negative for staph
68
MacConkeys agar looks fro
Gram neg rods
69
In MacConkeys agar Yellow: Purple:
Y: negative P: positive
70
What is the #1 GNR that ferments lactose
E. Coli
71
What are the Key Lactose Fermenters KEE
Klebsiella pneumoniae E. Coli Enterobacter cloacae
72
What dose catalase differentiate
Staph from strep
73
How does catalase test work
Catalyzes conversion of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water
74
What indicates a positive catalase test
Bubbling
75
What does coagulate test differentiate
Staph aureus and Coag Neg Staph
76
What indicates a positive coagulate test
Clotting
77
Know slide 37
Flow chart for diagnosis

Immunology block 7 (3 decks)

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