Infectious Diseases And Medical Microbiology Flashcards by Andrea Sandifer

What is the leading cause of death in developing countries

Lower respiratory infection
Diarrheal diseases
HIV/AIDS, TB

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What is the leading cause of death in developed countries

CHD

LRI

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What are some of the leading causes of blindness

Trachoma

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What is trachoma

The #1 infectious disease related to the cause of blindess. Due to chlamydia infection
Chlamydia strains A-C

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What is colonization

Presence of microbe on or in body

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What is infection

When organism harmfully invades

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What is an infectious disease agent

Microbe that replicates wither independently or with the host AND is capable of provoking an adverse response in the host

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What is disease without colonization

Ingestion of pre-formed toxins
Non-responsive to Ab
Treatment may include anti-toxin therapy

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What are some examples of microbes

Viruses, prions, bacteria, fungi, protists

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What are Koch’s Postulates

Pathogen present in diseased animal
Pathogen isolate from diseased animal and grown in pure culture
Inoculation of healthy animal with isolated pathogen causes disease
Isolated pathogen from second animal is same as original isolate

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What are some exceptions to Koch’s postulates

Not ethical to do on humans

Also some species of microbes are difficult to culture

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What are som sterile body sites

Blood, CSF, pleural/peritoneal/synovial fluid, tissues, lower respiratory tract, bladder

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What are some non-sterile body sites

Aye/mouth/nose/upper respiratory system
Skin
GI
Urethra

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What is culture based diagnosis

You obtain the right specimen

microscopy
culture
identify
Ab testing

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What is non-culture based diagnosis

Clinical signs/symptoms compatible with infectious process

detect pathogen Ab in serum
detect Ag/nucleis acids in specimen
general/non-specific tests

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What is KOH prep used for

Fungi

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What is calcoflour white prep used for

Fluorescent stain for fungi

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What is Gram stain used for

Bacteria

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What is acid-fast (Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun) prep used for

Mycobacterium/TB

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What is Wright-Giemsa stain used for

Blood smears for WBC, epithelial inclusion bodies, protozoans

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What is immunofluroescence used for

Intracellular organisms

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How does KOH stain work

KOH dissolves keratin but NOT chitin/cellulose

Dissolves tissue but not fungi cell walls

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How does Calcoflour White work?

KOH+CWF: dissolves tissue and binds to chitin in fungal

Fungi appear white

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What is the Gram stain order

Smear and heat fix
Crystal violet
Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin

Wash with water between each stage

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Gram + cells appear this color in a gram stain

Purple

Gram - cells appear this color

Red/pink

What is the most common stain used in microbiology

Gram stain

All cocci are gram negative except what 2 species

Neisseria | Moraxella

What gram stain are the majority of pathogens

Gram negative

What do cocci bacteria look like

Balls

What are some of the arrangements of cocci bacteria

Diplo (pairs) Strepto (chains) Staphylo (clusters)

What shape are bacilli microbes

Rods

What are the three forms of spiral microbes

Vibrio (comma) Spirochetes (thin walled no flagella helical) Spirilla (thick walled helix with flagella)

What is the order of the Ziegler Neelson (acid fast) stain

1. Smear and heat fix 2. Carbolfuschin 3. Alcohol 4. Methylene blue

Acid fast cells show up this color

Red

Non-acid fast cells show up this color

Blue

What is the primary microbe tested for using Acid fast stain

TB | Mycobacterium tuberculosis

the Wright-Giemsa stain shows these structures in Chlamydia

Inclusion bodies

What is acanthamoeba?

A microbe that is caused by over wear of contact lenses

How does immunofluorescence stains work

Fluorescently labeled monoclonal Ab tag infected cells

What is the gold standard of microbiology

Culture and sensitivity testing

Positive cultures are generally more meaningful than negative cultures

Caveat: Negative may be false negative, positive may be contaminant

What is agar?

A growth media used to culture microbes

What is general agar used for

Supports a broad range of bacteria

What is enriched agar used for

For finnicky bacteria (has extra growth nutrients)

What is selective agar used for

Growing a certain bacteria and preventing the growth of others

What is differential agar used for

Visual clues to identification

What kinds of Agars can bacteria be grown on

``` Blood Chocolate Thayer-Martin MacConkey Mannitol Salt ```

What agar is Acid fast grow on

Lowenstein Jensen's agar

What agar is fungi grown on

Sabouraud's Dextrose

Blood agar grows

Most bacteria

Chocolate agar grows

Fastidious bacteria Haemophilus Influenza

Thayer-Martin agar grows

Neisseria

MacConkey agar grows

Gram negative rods

Mannitol Salt agar grows

Staphylococci

Lowenstein-Jensen agar grows

Mycobacterium, acid fast

Sabouraud agar grows

Fungi | Low pH and gentamicin select

Blood cultures look for

Sepsis, osteomyelitis, meninigitis, pneumonia

Throat cultures look for

Strep throat

Sputum cultures look for

Pneumonia, TB

Spinal fluid cultures look for

Meningitis,

When collecting blood cultures what should you clean the skin with

Betadine/chlorhexidine

Throat cultures should be collected from these

Oropharynx and tonsils

Wound cultures should be taken from this

Center of wound

Sputum should be collected at this time

Early morning

The conj has this pathogen infections

Chlamydia(trachoma)

How do you collect eye reliated specimen (ex. Conjunctivitis)

1. Clean skin around the eye with saline or sterile water 2. Moisten soft tipped sampling tool with sterile saline 3. Gently retract eyelid 4. Apply sampling tool to area

What are some stains/cultures that should be done to eye samplings

``` Gram stain Giemsa Blood agar Chocolate agar Sabouraud dextrose ```

What do lymphs in eye samples indicate

Viral infection

What do PMNs in eye culture suggest

Bacteria

What do eosinophils in eye cultures indicate

Allergies

What does sampling for keratitis require

``` Extreme care Anesthetic Sample collected with spatula, blade Gram stain Blood agar, chocolate agar, sabourauds agar Making a C shape on the media ```

What is endophthalmitis

In intraocular infection that is life threatening, usually due to surgery, trauma, severe bacterial keratitis

How are samples for endophthalmitis collected

Syringe Drop is smeared on slides for Gram and Giemsa Cultures on blood,chocolate, sabourauds, and anaerobic media

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration

Lowest drug level that inhibits bacterial replication

What is minimal bactericide like concentration

Lowest drug level that kills bacteria

MBC is always___MIC

Greater than or equal to

MIC is always ____ MBC

Less than or equal to

What does direct ELISA look for

Antigen

What does indirect ELISA look for

Antibody

What does sandwich ELISA look for

Antigen sandwiched between 2 Ab

What are some rapid tests done

ELISA | Agglutination

WHat are som molecular tests done in microbiology

rtPCR

What is WBC count used for

to find infections Neutrophils: bacteria Lymphocytes: viral

What are some body fluid tests done on

CSF, urine, synovial, peritoneal

Infectious Diseases And Medical Microbiology Flashcards

(85 cards)