Fungi And Viruses

Question 1

Fungi are _________ eukaryotes

Answer 1

Non-photosynthetic

Question 2

Fungi have cell walls composed of

Answer 2

Chitin

Question 3

Fungi cell membrane have ______ instead of cholesterol

Answer 3

Ergosterol

Question 4

What are some unicellular molds?

Answer 4

Yeasts
Mold
Dimorphic molds

Question 5

What are unicellular fungi, that form colonies and reproduce by budding

Answer 5

Yeasts

Question 6

What are filamentous fungi, that found colonies, and appear cotton like

Answer 6

Mold

Question 7

Mold has branches called

Answer 7

Hyphae

Question 8

What are septate hyphae

Answer 8

Cross wall segments in hyphae

Question 9

What are aseptate hyphae

Answer 9

No septa and many nuclei

Question 10

What are dimorphic fungi

Answer 10

Temperature dependent

Question 11

Yeast parasite form at what temp

Answer 11

37 degree C in the body and sometimes a little cooler than that

Question 12

Mold/mycelia form when grown at what temp

Answer 12

25 degrees C

Question 13

What is the most common yeast

Answer 13

Candida albicans

Question 14

What is the only encapsulated yeast

Answer 14

Crytococcus neoformans

Question 15

What is India ink used for in yeasts

Answer 15

To look for a capsule

If there is a big halo then you have cryptococcus neoformans

Question 16

Why are dimorphics considered primary fungal pathogens

Answer 16

Because they can infect a healthy person

Question 17

Where do you find a lot of histoplasmosis

Answer 17

Chicken coops

Caves

Question 18

T/F Histoplasmosis can infect the eye

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are primary pathogens

Answer 19

Can infect an immunocompetent (healthy) person

Question 20

What is an opportunistic pathogen

Answer 20

Cause infection in immunocompromised host

Question 21

What are the 4 primary pathogens

Answer 21

Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccioides brasiliensis

Question 22

Dimorphism fung can dissemate from where to where

Answer 22

Lungs to other organs

Question 23

Candida albicans is an example of what kind of pathogen

Answer 23

Opportunistic pathogen

Question 24

When do fungi generally infect

Answer 24

When normal defenses or normal flora are disrupted

Immunosuppression

Question 25

What are superficial mycoses

Answer 25

Infect outer layers of skin, hair, nails

Question 26

What are cutaneous mycoses

Answer 26

Infect epidermis and deeper skin layers

Question 27

What are subQ mycoses

Answer 27

Infect dermis, SubQ, muscles, fascia

Question 28

What are systemic mycoses

Answer 28

Originate in lungs and disseminate to other organs

Question 29

Describe actinomyces

Answer 29

Normal flora in mouth and GI Cause eroding abscesses following mucus membrane trauma Forms sulfur granules

Question 30

Describe nocardia

Answer 30

Inhaled, not normal flora Stains active fast (can be confused wth TB, to differentiate look for branches) Causes filamentous abscesses and cavitation Can travel to the brain and other organs

Question 31

What other bacteria can be confused as acid fast

Answer 31

Nocardia (look for branchs) GI parasites (look for rod cells)

Question 32

What causes cutaneous mycoses

Answer 32

Dermatophytes

Question 33

Invasion of sin with cutaneous mycoses causes an inflamed outward-spreading lesion, aka

Answer 33

Ring worm

Question 34

This mycoses has cosmetic involvement

Answer 34

Superficial mycoses

Question 35

How do SubQ mycoses enter

Answer 35

Enter through cuts, punctures caused while working with soil

Question 36

What causes systemic mycoses

Answer 36

Dimorphic fungi

Question 37

How do systemic mycoses present

Answer 37

As mild, self-limited pulmonary infection in healthy | Cause pneumonia and disseminate in immunocompromised people

Question 38

What causes a fungal ball in the lungs

Answer 38

Aspergillus fumigates

Question 39

What causes oral thrush and vulvovaginitis

Answer 39

Candida albicans

Question 40

What is the average size of a virus

Answer 40

20-250 nm

Question 41

What are "bad news wrapped in a protein coat"

Answer 41

Virus

Question 42

Viruses are non-living organisms

Answer 42

Know this

Question 43

Why are viruses obligate intracellular infectious agents

Answer 43

They infect all living organisms

Question 44

Viruses replicate in only

Answer 44

Living organisms

Question 45

How do viruses work in general

Answer 45

Hijack the cells metabolism and ribosomes

Question 46

What genetic material do viruses have

Answer 46

DNA or RNA (not both)

Question 47

Viruses are filterable and most can pass through a bacterial filter except ______

Answer 47

Pox virus

Question 48

Do antibacterial agents work on viruses

Answer 48

NO

Question 49

Viruses utilize tropism. What does that mean

Answer 49

They are tissue specific

Question 50

What is a vision

Answer 50

A complete viral particle

Question 51

What is a capsid

Answer 51

Protein coat that surrounds the core

Question 52

Viruses are generally

Answer 52

SsRNA

Question 53

What is nucleocapsid

Answer 53

Genome plus capsid

Question 54

What is the envelope

Answer 54

The outer membrane that surrounds certain viruses

Question 55

What function do spikes have

Answer 55

Help with attachment to host cell

Question 56

Look at slide 23-25

Answer 56

General info, we are not responsible for them????

Question 57

What are some nomenclature systems for viruses

Answer 57

Based on tissue infected Based on viral genome/core

Question 58

What viral genome categories is most common

Answer 58

RNA | Specifically ssRNA

Question 59

Pneumotropic viruses infect

Answer 59

Respiratory system

Question 60

Dermotropic viruses infect

Answer 60

Skin

Question 61

Viscerotropic virsues infect

Answer 61

Blood, organs

Question 62

Neurotropic viruses infect

Answer 62

CNS

Question 63

What are some ways to detect virsues

Answer 63

Cultivate in live tissue (eggs, tissue) Signs/symptoms ``` Inclusion bodies Cytopathic effects Plaque assays Serology (IgM, IgG) PCR Reverse transcriptase PCR ```

Question 64

What are the steps for viral replication

Answer 64

1. Attachment 2. Penetration/unloading 3. Biosynthesis (replication) 4. Maturation (new viruses assembled) 5. Release (new viruses released, burst size)

Question 65

What are the 2 methods of entry

Answer 65

Envelope fuses, nucleocapsid enters Vesicle forms, whole virus enters

Question 66

Look at slide 33

Answer 66

Important

Question 67

What is latency

Answer 67

Dormant viral infection Reactivation of viral infection at induce transformation and proliferation wth resulting neoplasia

Question 68

What is lytic

Answer 68

Rupture of cell by virus

Question 69

What is the burst size

Answer 69

The number of visions released from one cell

Question 70

Are viruses linked with cancer

Answer 70

Yes

Question 71

Viruses can activate what cancer cells

Answer 71

Photo-oncogenes

Question 72

What are some cancers that are caused by DNA viruses

Answer 72

Cervical (HPV) | Liver (HepB)

Question 73

What are some cancers that are caused by RNA viruses

Answer 73

Liver (HepC) Leukemia (HTLV-1) Kaposi sarcoma (HIV, HHV-8)