Bacteria

Question 1

what are microorganisms?

Answer 1

cant be seen with naked eye - microscope only

Question 2

what eukaryotes are microorgs?

Answer 2

protists: protozoa and algae
fungi: yeasts/moulds

Question 3

what are prokaryotic microorgs?

Answer 3

bacteria and archaea

Question 4

how do prokaryotes reproduce? how do they obtain diversity?

Answer 4

binary fission - elongation, replication, cytokinesis

via transformation, transduction and conjugation

Question 5

most common feature of archaea?

Answer 5

extremophiles

Question 6

similarities between archaea and bacteria?

Answer 6

genes for metabolism

Question 7

similarities between archaea and eukaryotEs?

Answer 7

DNa has histones

DNA that encodes for proteins involved in cell reproduction similar

Question 8

unique qualities of archaea?

Answer 8

16 sRNA
methanogenesis
no peptidoglycan
unique lipids

Question 9

4 individual bacteria structures?

Answer 9

rods (bacillus), spheres (cocci), sprials and commas

Question 10

4 was bacteria can arrange themselves?

Answer 10

individual, pairs, clusters, chains

Question 11

3 attachments of bacteria?

Answer 11

• flagella (motility; filament, hook, basal body)
• pili (sex/conjugation pilus to enable plasmid transofmration, type IV pilus to form biofilms)
• fibriae (enable adhesion to cells)

Question 12

describe endospores

Answer 12

• produced when cell is under stress, so it can reproduce

- released under correct conditions

Question 13

main component of bacteria cell walls?

Answer 13

peptidoglycan

Question 14

describe peptidoglycan sturcutre

Answer 14

polysacc chains, joined by transpeptide bonds

Question 15

efffect of lysozyme and penicillin?

Answer 15

lyzohyme hydrolyses polysaccharide bonds

penicillin prevents transpeptide bond formation

Question 16

how is gram stain done

Answer 16

slide prepared
heat fix
crystal violet
iodine
alcohol
safranin 
oil immersion

Question 17

describe gram positive structure

Answer 17

appears puprle
thick peptidoglycan wall - less flexible and less susceptible to lysis
fatty acids come through - negative charge

Question 18

examples of gram positive bacteria?

Answer 18

bacillus
clostridium
lactococci
staphylococcus

Question 19

describe 
bacillus
clostridium
lactococci
staphylococcus

Answer 19

bacillus - anthrax, proteases
clostridium - gangrene, tetanus
lactococci - hceese production
staph - skin

Question 20

describe gram negative

Answer 20

pink

thin peptidoglycan layer under lipopolysaccharide layer.

Question 21

examples of gram negative?

Answer 21

escherichia
salmonella
neisseria
shigella

Question 22

what does escherichia cause

Answer 22

food poisoning

Question 23

what does salmonella cause

Answer 23

gastro

typhoid

Question 24

what does neisseria cause

Answer 24

gonnorhoea

Question 25

what does shigella cause

Answer 25

dysentry

Question 26

describe acid fast cell walls

Answer 26

contain large amount oc mycolic acid, contributes to pathogenicity

Question 27

genus that have acid fast cell walls?

Answer 27

mycobacteria and nocardia

Question 28

diseases from acid fast?

Answer 28

leprosy, tuberculosis