BACTERIA AND DISEASE Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
– refers to presence of undesirable substance in water, air, or soil.
A
Pollution
2
Q
– result of undesirable relationship bet host and pathogens. Marked by interruption in the normal functioning of the body or its part
A
Disease
2
Q
– organism that invades and causes damage or injury to the host
A
Pathogen
2
Q
- Mild symptoms of a disease w/c are nonspecific (fever, cough, colds, malaise)
A
Prodromal period
2
Q
– presence of organisms outside the body, water, food, and
other biological substances
A
Contamination
2
Q
– invasion of the body by pathogenic m.o.; Not synonymous to disease
A
Infection
2
Q
– the ability of organism to cause a disease
A
Pathogenicity, “pathogenic”
3
Q
- Formulated by Robert Koch & Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle
- four criteria to establish causative relationship between microbe & disease
A
Koch’s Postulates
3
Q
- organisms may fail to produce the disease when introduced into
the body by some other route/ pathway
A
Portal of entry
3
Q
- Period of maximal invasion. The dse.Is most acute during this period.
A
Period of illness
3
Q
- ability of the m.o. to produce disease by overcoming the
defensive powers of host;
A
Virulence of m.o.
4
Q
- When the dse. Is not successfully overcome,pt may die in a short prd of time
A
FULMINANT INFECTION
4
Q
o Abundant
o small number of m.o.
A
Number of microbes/microorganism
4
Q
o Antibacterial factors that destroy or inhibit growth of m.o.
A
Defensive powers of the host
4
Q
- Period of defervescence - s/s starts to subside. Pt.may become vulnerable to secondary infections.
A
Period of decline
4
Q
- pt does not show s/s but still continues to shed infecting m.o
A
Carrier state
4
Q
- Refers to the time interval bet. Entry of m.o.& the 1st appearance of s/s
A
Incubation Period
5
Q
- Pt. regains strength, body returns to its pre-diseased normal cond.
A
Period of convalescence
5
Q
- kills host cells, affect their function
A
cytotoxin
5
Q
✓ COAGULASE- coagulates fibrinogen of bld)
✓ LEUKOCIDINS - destroys WBC;(escapes phagocytosis)
A
Chemical
5
Q
✓ poison (2 types of toxins: Exotoxin & endotoxin)
A
Toxin
5
Q
- Organisms directly damage tissues or surface. Example:
Leprosy/warts
A
Mechanical
5
Q
- interferes in nerve impulse transmission
A
neurotoxin
6
Q
- inside gram (+) bacteria as metabolic product of growing cell;
secreted by bacteria and released outside the cell.
A
EXOTOXIN
7
- affects cell lining of GIT
enterotoxin
8
- outer membrane of Gram(-); outer membrane of cell wall
ENDOTOXIN
9
* Consequence of the immune response of the host to the m.o.
Immunologic
10
* If the causative agent is directly or indirectly transmitted from host to host
* Example: Diphtheria/ tuberculosis and Rabies
Communicable
11
* Disease is not spread from one person to another.
1. Agent normally inhabits the body
2. Produces the disease only when introduced into the body.
* Example: Tetanus – not communicable but infectious
Non-Communicable
11
* From outside the body
* Exogenous, or those that originate outside the body
✓ Exogenous infection
11
* From inside the body
* (already present/ dormant)
✓ Endogenous infection
11
– disease is caused by m.o. that is known
Specific infection
11
* Refers to the number of person in a population who acquired the disease at a particular point of time
Incidence of a disease
12
– constantly present in a particular place
Endemic
13
- # of new cases
- # of new and old cases
* Incidence rate
* Prevalence rate
14
– Present worldwide
Pandemic
15
– Occurs occasionally
Sporadic
16
– rapid spread of infectious disease to a large # of people in a given population within a short period of time.
Epidemic
17
– Presence of bacteria in blood
Bacteremia
18
– Presence of actively multiplying bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
19
– Presence of pus-producing bacteria in the bloodstream
Pyemia
20
– Presence of TOXIN in blood
Toxemia
21
– Presence if VIRUS in the blood
Viremia
22
– Occurs rapidly only for a short period of time
Acute
23
– Occurs slowly; occurs for a long period of time
Chronic
24
– m.o. remains inactive for a long time but can become active again
Latent
25
* Invading m.o. Are limited to a relatively small area of the body
* Ex. Boils, acne
Local infection
26
* An infection localized in a specific part of the body that may spread to another part of the body via blood or lymphatic vessel
* Ex. Teeth, appendicitis, tonsils, or sinuses
Focal infection
27
* Invading m.o. Or their products are spread throughout the body by blood or lymph
* Ex. Influenza, HIV
Systemic or generalized infection
28
* An acute infection that causes the initial illness
Primary infection
29
* Infection w/c is caused by opportunistic pathogens after primary infection has weakened the body’s defense
Secondary infection
30
* Infection does not cause any noticeable illness
* Ex. Hepatitis
Subclinical infection/ inapparent infection
31
* Makes the body more susceptible to the development of a particular dse.
* Ex. Gender – UTI Genetics
Predisposing factors
32
* Continual source of dse-producing m.o.
* LIVING – Example: Animals, humans
* NON-LIVING – Example: soil
Reservoir of infection
33
- may exist in an individual with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course (Typhoid)
Healthy or asymptomatic carrier
34
- An individual capable of transmitting an infectious agent to others during the incubation period of the disease(measles/ chicken pox)
Incubatory carrier
35
- the person who had been infected by that microorganism is recovering from that infection (hepatitis, cholera, and poliomyelitis)
Convalescence and postconvalescence carrier
36
- The carrier state lasts for less than 6 months.
Temporary carriers
37
- The carrier state lasts for more than 6 months. (Hep B, HIV
infection)
Chronic carriers
38
– person to person
DIRECT
39
– Fr. Reservoir to susceptible host
INDIRECT
40
– spread in droplet nuclei. Travels <1 meter
DROPLET
41
– the pathway of causative agents from a source to infection of susceptible host.
Transmission
42
* Transmission of organism through media such as food, water, air
Vehicle
43
– pathogens are transmitted through ingestion of food that improperly cooked, prepared, poorly ref, unsanitary condition. (Example: Food poisoning, AGE)
FOOD-BORNE
44
– refers to spread of pathogens by droplet nuclei in dust that travels> 1meter fr. Reservoir to the host (Example: Measles, TB)
AIR-BORNE
45
– Pathogens is spread through contaminated water (Example:
Cholera)
WATER-BORNE
46
* Are animals that carry m.o. fr. One host to another
* Insects (arthropods) – most important group of vectors
Vectors
47
– refers to passive transport of organism on
insect’s feet or other parts.
Mechanical transmission
48
– active transport of organism. M.o. Enters the insect vector after the insect bites an infected person
Biological transmission
